Table 3.
AORs of Perceiving COVID-19–Associated Discrimination in April (n=3,665)
| Variable | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Longitudinal analysisa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raceb | ||||
| Black |
1.70 (1.22, 2.36)** |
1.80 (1.30, 2.48)*** |
1.80 (1.30, 2.51)*** |
1.53 (1.05, 2.23)* |
| Hispanic | 1.07 (0.71, 1.60) |
0.98 (0.67, 1.44) |
0.97 (0.66, 1.43) |
1.09 (0.71, 1.67) |
| Asian |
2.34 (1.19, 4.61)* |
2.07 (1.08, 3.94)* |
2.02 (1.07, 3.80)* |
1.35 (0.77, 2.38) |
| Other race/ethnicity | 1.11 (0.60, 2.05) |
1.20 (0.65, 2.22) |
1.20 (0.66, 2.19) |
1.14 (0.57, 2.26) |
| Prior perceived discrimination | ||||
| Yes |
2.19 (1.74, 2.76)*** |
2.15 (1.67, 2.75)*** |
2.18 (1.69, 2.80)*** |
2.14 (1.60, 2.87)*** |
| Immigrant statusc | ||||
| First-generation immigrant | 0.91 (0.47, 1.78) |
0.98 (0.51, 1.88) |
0.95 (0.48, 1.87) |
0.90 (0.42, 1.96) |
| Second-generation immigrant |
1.73 (1.20, 2.48)** |
1.85 (1.24, 2.77)** |
1.86 (1.27, 2.73)** |
1.80 (1.26, 2.58)** |
| Third-generation immigrant |
1.59 (1.21, 2.10)** |
1.64 (1.24, 2.18)** |
1.65 (1.24, 2.19)** |
1.67 (1.26, 2.23)*** |
| Wear a face mask | ||||
| Yes |
1.35 (1.04, 1.75)* |
1.34 (1.02, 1.75)* |
1.30 (0.99, 1.71) |
1.21 (0.90, 1.63) |
| Time spent on social media in a day on averaged | ||||
| 1‒30 minutes | 1.30 (0.99, 1.70) |
1.33 (1.03, 1.73)* |
1.30 (1.00, 1.69) |
1.27 (0.96, 1.70) |
| 31‒60 minutes | 1.31 (0.90, 1.89) |
1.33 (0.89, 2.00) |
1.31 (0.86, 1.99) |
1.22 (0.75, 2.00) |
| 61‒120 minutes | 1.27 (0.93, 1.74) |
1.33 (0.97, 1.81) |
1.27 (0.93, 1.75) |
1.28 (0.92, 1.79) |
| >120 minutes |
1.47 (1.03, 2.10)* |
1.59 (1.09, 2.32)* |
1.58 (1.09, 2.29)* |
1.50 (1.02, 2.21)* |
| Work from home by wearing a face maske | ||||
| Work but no day WFH and no mask | — | 1.29 (0.76, 2.20) 0.35 |
1.26 (0.75, 2.11) |
1.32 (0.74, 2.33) |
| Some days WFH and no mask | — | 1.61 (0.84, 3.09) 0.15 |
1.55 (0.79, 3.00) |
1.51 (0.74, 3.07) |
| All days WFH and no mask | — | 1.12 (0.85, 1.48) 0.42 |
1.11 (0.83, 1.48) |
1.16 (0.83, 1.61) |
| Work but no day WFH and wear mask | — | 1.52 (1.13, 2.05) 0.01 |
1.58 (1.17, 2.14)** |
1.73 (1.25, 2.41)** |
| Some days WFH and wear mask | — | 1.10 (0.58, 2.12) 0.76 |
1.12 (0.59, 2.11) |
1.08 (0.57, 2.07) |
| All days WFH and wear mask | — | 1.20 (0.88, 1.63) 0.26 |
1.23 (0.89, 1.69) |
1.25 (0.87, 1.78) |
| Social activities | ||||
| Go out to a bar, club, or other places where people gather | — | — | 1.17 (0.47, 2.89) |
0.88 (0.25, 3.05) |
| Go to grocery store or pharmacy | — | — | 1.10 (0.82, 1.47) |
1.10 (0.80, 1.50) |
| Go to a friend, neighbor, or relatives’ residence (that's not your own) | — | — | 0.94 (0.73, 1.22) |
0.94 (0.73, 1.23) |
| Have visitor such as friends, neighbors, or relatives at your residence | — | — |
1.32 (1.08, 1.60)** |
1.29 (1.04, 1.61)* |
| Attend a gathering with more than 10 people such as a reunion, wedding, or funeral | — | — | 1.79 (0.89, 3.60) |
2.09 (1.06, 4.11)* |
| Go outside to walk, hike, or exercise | — | — | 1.18 (0.89, 1.57) |
1.22 (0.86, 1.73) |
Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance (*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001) using multivariable logistic regression. Values in parentheses are 95% CI. All models adjusted for age, education, sex, household income, self-reported symptom, COVID-19 prevalence in the state a respondent resided, and the number of days under the state's Shelter-in-Place order on the day of the response, with Eicker–Huber–White robust SEs clustered at the state level.
Also controlled for March perception in COVID-19 associated discrimination in the longitudinal analysis.
Non-Hispanic White as reference category.
Nonimmigrant as reference category.
Spent no time on social media in a day on average as reference category.
Did not work as reference category.
WFH, working from home.