Table 3.

Major complications

Patient details	Device and lead number	Indication	Dwell time of oldest lead (months)	Equipment used	Complication and treatment	Outcomes
80 years, male	Dual chamber pacemaker	Infection	124	Locking stylet, simple sheath	Cardiac avulsion	Full recovery after surgical repair
83 years, female	Single chamber pacemaker	Infection	151	Locking stylet, simple sheath	Pericardial effusion, percutaneous drainage	Full recovery
37 years, female	Dual chamber pacemaker with abandoned leads (4 leads total)	Infection, local	228	Locking stylets, femoral snare (needle eye)	Pericardial effusion post-procedure, percutaneous drainage	Full recovery
77 years, male	Dual chamber pacemaker	Redundant lead	178	Locking stylet, Evolution (13F), femoral snare (needle eye)	Cardiac avulsion during use of femoral snare	Surgical repair, but died within 30 days
65 years, female	CRT-D	Lead failure	141	Locking stylet, simple sheath, Evolution	Right ventricular injury	Full recovery after surgical repair
46 years, male	Dual chamber pacemaker	Systemic infection	47	Locking stylet	Pericardial tamponade	Full recovery after surgical repair
83 years, female	Dual chamber pacemaker with abandoned leads (total 4 leads)	Infection	>120	Evolution, femoral snare	Pericardial effusion	Uncomplicated recovery after percutaneous drainage
88 years, female	Dual chamber pacemaker (2 leads)	Perforated lead, lying in pleural space	2	Locking stylet	Oesophageal injury from transoesophageal echo probe	Recovered after long hospital stay
80 years, female	Dual chamber pacemaker (2 leads)	Infection	285	Locking stylet, compression coil, Evolution RL (11F)	Peri-procedural stroke	Recovered
43 years, male	Dual chamber ICD with abandoned leads (3 leads)	Infection	66	Evolution	Pericardial tamponade	Full recovery after surgical repair
47 years, female	Single chamber ICD	Lead malfunction	59	Evolution RL	Right pleural collection of blood drained percutaneously at 1 day after extracting right sided device	Full recovery. No surgery, no transfusion required
78 years, female	Dual chamber PPM	Local infection	Unknown	Locking stylet, compression coil, Evolution RL (11F)	Injury to right ventricle	Full recovery after surgical repair
75 years, female	CRT-P (including Starfix lead)	Lead malfunction	15	Locking stylet, compression coil, Evolution RL (9F)	Injury to coronary sinus	Full recovery after surgical repair
63 years, male	CRT-D	Lead malfunction	83	Locking stylet, compression coil, Bulldog, Evolution RL (13F)	Injury to inferior vena cava causing pericardial tamponade	Full recovery after surgical repair
74 years, male	Dual chamber PPM, abandoned leads (total 4 leads)	Venous occlusion, redundant leads, need for upgrade	356	Locking stylets, Evolution 9F	Pericardial tamponade due to RV perforation	Full recovery after surgical repair
78 years, female	Dual chamber pacemaker	Local infection	Unknown	Liberator, compression coil, Evolution 9F	Tamponade due to RV perforation	Full recovery after surgical repair
79 years, male	CRT-D with redundant leads (total 7 leads)	Septicaemia	79	Liberator, compression coil, Evolution RL 13F	Septic shock	Peri-procedural death
37 years, male	Dual chamber ICD	Lead malfunction	83	Simple stylet	Pericardial tamponade	Full recovery after surgical repair
83 years, female	CRT-D	Local infection	126	Liberator, compression coil, Evolution RL 13F	Pericardial tamponade	Initial recovery after surgical repair, but died at 30 days
65 years, male	CRT-D	Systemic infection	105	Liberator, compression coil, Evolution RL 13F	Left-sided haemothorax	Full recovery after surgical placement of a chest drain
61 years, female	Single chamber pacemaker with redundant leads (3 leads in total)	Septicaemia	208	Liberator, compression coil, Evolution RL 13F	Injury to junction of SVC and RA leading to pericardial tamponade	Died at 2 days post-procedure despite surgical repair
48 years, male	Single chamber ICD	Systemic infection	4	Liberator, compression coil, Evolution RL 13F	Damage to tricuspid valve requiring subsequent valve surgery	Full recovery after surgical repair

CRT-D, cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator; CRT-P, cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; PPM, permanent pacemaker; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle.