Table 3.

The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the cardioprotection of melatonin treatment in myocardial I/R injury.

Studies	Year	Proposed mechanisms
Chen et al.	2018	Inhibit autophagy via AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway
Zhou et al.	2017	Attenuate FUNDC1-required mitophagy, inflammation, improve microvascular function via regulating the expression of platelet PPARγ
Zhai et al.	2017	Antioxidative stress, antiapoptosis through activation of SIRT3 signaling pathway
Zhou et al.	2017	Regulate mitochondrial fission, mitophagy, mPTP opening, and HK2-VDAC1 interaction
He et al.	2016	Restore autophagy function, suppress oxidative stress and apoptosis through nuclear receptor RORα
Yu et al.	2015	Notch1/Hes1 signaling and Pten/Akt signaling underlie the antioxidative stress and antiapoptosis effect
Yu et al.	2014	Reduce apoptosis and oxidative damage via SIRT1 signaling
Chen et al.	2009	Attenuate apoptosis independent of Gpx1
Genade et al.	2008	Antiadrenergic actions mediated by NO and PKC signaling, PKB/Akt activation, and p38MAPK signaling involved in the cardioprotection
Lochner et al.	2006	NA
Sahna et al.	2004	Attenuate oxidative stress (reduce MDA and restore GSH level)
Sahna et al.	2002	NA
Lee et al.	2002	Antioxidant activity, inhibit neutrophil infiltration
Lagneux et al.	2000	NA
Nduhirabandi et al.	2010	Prevent metabolic abnormality via modulating insulin release and PKB/Akt and ERK 1/2 signaling