Table 1.
Chemopreventive activities of urolithin A against colorectal cancer
| Cell line | Mechanism | Ref. |
| SW620 | ↓Proliferation, MMP-9 activity | Zhao et al[21] |
| ↑Autophagy, LC3 | ||
| G2/M arrest | ||
| ↑Apoptosis, necrosis | ||
| HT-29 | ↓Proliferation | Cho et al[22] |
| ↑Apoptosis, necrosis | ||
| G2/M arrest | ||
| ↑p21 expression | ||
| ↓MMP, ↑caspase 8 and 9 activity | ||
| HT-29 | ↓Proliferation | Kasimsetty et al[23] |
| ↓G0/G1 ↑G2/M, G0 | ||
| ↓CYP1 activity | ||
| ↑Apoptosis, caspase-3 like activity | ||
| HT-29 | ↓Proliferation | Tortora et al[24] |
| Caco-2 | CYP1A1, UGT1A10 | González-Sarrías et al[25] |
| CYP1A1 activity | ||
| 1Caco-2, HT-29, SW480 | ↓Proliferation | González-Sarrías et al[26] |
| S arrest (SW480, Caco-2) | ||
| G2/M arrest | ||
| Gene expression in Caco-2: | ||
| ↑ABCG2, TP53, c-MYC, CDKN1A, BIRC5 | ||
| Gene expression in SW480: | ||
| ↑c-MYC, CDKN1A, BIRC5, CASP3, EGFR | ||
| ↓CTNNB1 | ||
| Gene expression in HT-29: | ||
| ↑CDKN1A | ||
| Caco-2, HT-29, SW480 | ↓Proliferation | González-Sarrías et al[27] |
| G2/M (Caco-2, SW480, HT-29) | ||
| S (SW480, HT-29) arrest | ||
| HCT-116, Caco-2, HT-29 | ↓Colony formation | Giménez-Bastida et al[28] |
| G2/M arrest (Caco-2, HCT-116) | ||
| ↑Senescence-associated β–galactosidase activity (HCT-116) | ||
| ↑p53 and p21Cip1/Waf1 expression (HCT-116) | ||
| 1CSCs (Caco-2 and primary human colon tumor cells) | Caco-2: | Núñez-Sánchez et al[29] |
| ↓Colonosphere number | ||
| ↓ALDHhigh cells | ||
| Primary human colon tumor cells: | ||
| ↓Colonosphere number | ||
| ↓Colonosphere size | ||
| ↓ALDHhigh cells | ||
| HCT116 | ↓Cell growth | Norden et al[32] |
| ↑p53, p21, TIGAR expression | ||
| ↑p53, p21, TIGAR expression | ||
| Caco-2, HT-29, SW480 | ↓Proliferation | González-Sarrías et al[33] |
| ↑5-FU- and 5’-DFCR-induced cytotoxicity | ||
| G2/M arrest (Caco-2, SW480) | ||
| ↑Caspase 9 activity (Caco-2) | ||
| Caco-2 | NS cell vitality | Kojadinovic et al[36] |
| ↓ROS | ||
| ↓CAT activity | ||
| NS SOD and GPx activity | ||
| Caco-2 | ↓Proliferation | González-Sarrías et al[37] |
| Kinase signaling pathway gene expression: ↓FGFR2, ↑DUSP6, c-MYC, Fos, CD44 | ||
| Human tissue samples /pomegranate extract | ↓CD44, CTNNB1 CDKN1A, EGFR, TYMS | Nuñez-Sánchez et al[29,38] |
1
mixture containing urolithin A. 5-DFCR: 5-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine; 5′DFUR: 5-deoxy-5-fluorouridine; ALDH: Aldehyde dehydrogenase; CAT: Catalase; CYP450: Cytochrome P450; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase; LC3: GFP-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MMP-9: Matrix metalloproteinase-9; NS: Non significant change; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TIGAR: TP53 induced glycolysis regulatory phosphatase.