Table 3.
Chemopreventive activities of urolithin A against other cancers of the alimentary tract
| Cell line/model | Mechanism | Ref. |
| Liver | ||
| HepG2 | ↓Cell survival | Wang et al[50] |
| ↓Wnt/β-catenin signalling; β-catenin | ||
| ↓c-MYc, cyclin D1, phospo-c-Jun | ||
| ↓IL-6, IL-1β, NF-κβ, Cox-2, iNOS | ||
| ↑TP53, BAX, PUMA, NOXA, p53, phosphor-p53 | ||
| ↑Caspase-3, phospho-p38 | ||
| ↓H2O2-induced ROS, MDA level | ||
| ↑SOD level, GPx activity in H2O2-induced oxidative stress | ||
| HepG2.2.15 | ↓Cell proliferation | Qiu et al[51] |
| ↓Bcl-2 | ||
| ↑Cleaved caspase-3, Bax | ||
| ↓Lin28a, Zcchc11, Sp-1 | ||
| ↑Let-7a | ||
| ↓HMGA2, K-ras | ||
| ↓Invasive cell number | ||
| Cultured rat hepatocytes/t-BHT | ↓Cytotoxicity | Olennikov et al[55] |
| ↓LDH, MDA level | ||
| Pancreas | ||
| The human PDAC cell lines (MiaPaCa2, PANC1, AsPC1, CFPAC1, Capan1, Capan2, SW1990, HPAC, BxPC3) | ↓Cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis | Totiger et al[58] |
| ↓pAKT (T308), p70S6K (T421/S424), PDK1, pGSK3β, p4E-BP1 | ||
| PDAC xenografts in mice | ↓Tumor volume | Totiger et al[58] |
| ↓pAKT (T308), p70S6K (T421/S424) | ||
| ↓Ki67 | ||
| ↑Cleaved caspase-3 | ||
| PKT mice | ↓Tumor weight | Totiger et al[58] |
| ↑Survival | ||
| ↓pAKT (T308), p70S6K (T421/S424) | ||
| ↓Ki67 | ||
| ↑Cleaved caspase-3 | ||
| ↓F4/80-, Fox-P3, CD3- positive cells | ||
| Esophagus | ||
| BE patients/LBR intervention | ↑GST-pi level in BE biopsies | Kresty et al[59] |
BE: Barrett’s esophagus; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; GST: Glutathione S-transferase; HMG2: High-mobility group AT-hook 2, MDA: Malondialdehyde; t-BHP: tert-butyl hydroperoxide; LBR: Lyophilized black raspberries; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; HMGA2: High mobility group AT-hook 2.