Table 3,

The effects of tobacco prices on smoking onset, by urban vs. rural division.

Variable	Cigarette smoking onset		Bidi smoking onset		Any smoking onset
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Residence at the time of survey	Urban (N=81,387)	Rural (N=30,609)	Urban (N=84,576)	Rural (N=28,990)	Urban (N=77,584)	Rural (N=27,818)
Cigarette prices (OR, 95% CI)	0.91*** (0.86, 0.97)	1.35*** (1.19, 1.53)	--	--	0.98 (0.92, 1.03)	1.34*** (1.2, 1.5)
Bidi prices (OR, 95% CI)	--	--	0.27*** (0.22, 0.34)	0.64* (0.41, 1.01)	0.54*** (0.43, 0.68)	0.69* (0.46, 1.02)

Note:

^*p<0.1

^**p<0.05

^***p<0.01.

Weighted logistic regressions also controlled for time-varying age, age squared, gender, year fixed effects, and state fixed effects. Standard errors were clustered to adjust for inter-temporal correlations within the same individual. Elasticity esimtate for the significant negative association between cigarette prices and smoking onset is −1.5 (Column1). Elasticity esimtates for significant negative associations between bidi prices and smoking onset are −7.3 (Column3), −2.5 (Column4),,−3.5 (Column5), and −2.1 (Column 6).