Table 4.
Multiple Regression Analysis of the Association between Pain in Lower Body Regions and Independent Variables in Severely Obese Individuals
| Independent variable | Lower back | Hip | Knee | Ankle/feet | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR (95% CI) | P value | PR (95% CI) | P value | PR (95% CI) | P value | PR (95% CI) | P value | |
| 1st level | ||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||
| M | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | |
| F | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.92 (0.54-6.81) | 0.311 |
| Age (yr) | ||||||||
| ≤ 40 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| ≥ 40 | - | - | 1.5 (0.92-2.60) | 0.100 | - | - | - | - |
| Skin color | ||||||||
| White | - | - | 1.36 (0.82-2.24) | 0.236 | - | - | - | - |
| Brown and black | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Economic class | ||||||||
| A-B | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | ||
| C | - | - | - | - | 1.02 (0.59-1.76) | 0.943 | 1.12 (0.80-1.57) | 0.499 |
| D-E | - | - | - | - | 1.54 (0.88-2.71) | 0.134 | 1.25 (0.89-1.77) | 0.199 |
| Occupation | ||||||||
| Formal worker | - | - | - | - | 0.94 (0.56-1.56) | 0.806 | - | - |
| Informal worker/freelance | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Retired/domestic worker and othersa | - | - | - | - | 1.27 (0.81-1.99) | 0.303 | - | - |
| 2nd level | ||||||||
| Sedentary time (min/day) | - | - | ||||||
| Lower | - | - | 1.84 (1.05-3.21) | 0.032* | - | - | - | - |
| Higher | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Daily vegetables intake | ||||||||
| No | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.82 (0.64-1.05) | 0.120 |
| Yes | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | |
| 3rd level | ||||||||
| Family history of depression | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 0.532 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Yes | 1.10 (0.81-1.49) | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Fall in the last 12 mo | ||||||||
| No | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | |
| Yes | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.12 (0.89-1.40) | 0.329 |
| Difficulty of sleeping or insomnia | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | |||
| Yes | 1.29 (0.95-1.76) | 0.100 | 2.23 (1.29-3.86) | 0.004* | 1.59 (1.07-2.35) | 0.021* | - | - |
| Depression | ||||||||
| No | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Yes | - | - | 1.24 (0.67-2.29) | 0.491 | 1.23 (0.76-1.99) | 0.394 | 0.97 (0.73-1.27) | 0.804 |
| Anxiety | ||||||||
| No | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | - | - | - | - | 1.14 (0.65-1.99) | 0.654 | 1.23 (0.88-1.71) | 0.219 |
| Arthritis/arthrosis | ||||||||
| No | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Yes | - | - | 1.46 (0.88-2.43) | 0.140 | 1.44 (0.99-2.09) | 0.056 | 0.97 (0.68-1.38) | 0.848 |
| Type 2 diabetes | ||||||||
| No | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | |
| Yes | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.09 (0.84-1.43) | 0.506 |
| Edema in lower limbs | ||||||||
| No | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.84 (1.07-3.14) | 0.026* | - | - | - | - | 2.07 (1.25-3.43) | 0.005* |
| Use of analgesics | ||||||||
| No | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Yes | - | - | - | - | 1.35 (0.94-1.94) | 0.104 | - | - |
| Use of NSAIDs | ||||||||
| No | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | |
| Yes | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.29 (0.97- 1.71) | 0.078 |
| Use of statin | ||||||||
| No | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | |
| Yes | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.99 (0.77-1.28) | 0.968 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | ||||||||
| Non-reagent | 1.25 (0.85-1.82) | 0.251 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Reagent | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Degree of obesity (kg/m2) | - | - | ||||||
| 35.0-39.9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | |
| 40.0-49.9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.91 (1.14-3.18) | 0.013* |
| > 50 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.44 (0.78-2.66) | 0.242 |
| Total fat % | ||||||||
| 1 tercile | 1.31 (0.85-2.02) | 0.229 | - | - | - | - | 1.57 (1.09-2.25) | 0.016* |
| 2 tercile | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | ||
| 3 tercile | 1.45 (0.97-2.18) | 0.072 | - | - | - | - | 1.36 (0.98-1.90) | 0.065 |
Wald’s test for all P values. Economic class “Gross average family income in the month in R $ per class”: A-B = > 3,118, C = 896 to 3,117, D-E = ≤ 895. 1st level: distal, 2nd level: intermediate, 3rd level: proximal.
PR: prevalence ratio, CI: confidence interval, NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
a
Others include: student, rural worker, unemployed, leaning, pensioner, beneficiary of illness aid.
*
Significant association (P < 0.05).