Table 2.
Function- and structure-related outcome measures and their utility scores (n = 347).
| Construct | Outcome measure | x + (y) | f | % | Rel. % | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Motor function | FMA | 115(+0) | 115 | 33.14 | 71.88 | (11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 24–27, 30–44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56–58, 60, 61, 63–66, 73, 76, 77, 81, 83, 85, 87, 88, 92, 93, 95, 97, 98, 100, 102, 104, 105, 109, 111, 112, 116, 121, 122, 129, 132, 135, 137, 140, 144, 145, 151, 154, 155, 157, 159, 162, 163, 165–167, 178–180, 184–191, 194, 197, 200, 202, 205, 206, 209, 215, 222, 246, 260, 265, 274, 295, 311, 318, 323, 327, 337, 344–347) |
| WMFT | 13(+13) | 26 | 7.49 | 16.25 | (31, 36, 60, 75, 79, 81, 83, 98, 111, 128, 141, 147, 150, 156, 158, 160, 161, 163, 166, 173–175, 215, 344, 346) | |
| BBT | 4(+16) | 20 | 5.76 | 12.50 | (30, 34, 38, 40, 51, 88, 89, 104, 105, 114, 116, 120, 185, 186, 200, 202, 214, 215, 335, 345) | |
| ARAT | 7(+15) | 22 | 6.34 | 13.75 | (24, 98, 109, 116, 121, 149, 153, 163, 172, 180, 187, 189–191, 195, 205, 207, 209, 220, 268) | |
| MAS | 12(+2) | 14 | 4.03 | 8.75 | (22, 144, 176, 210, 211, 231, 250, 253, 277, 280, 281, 300, 307, 312) | |
| MI | 3(+6) | 9 | 2.59 | 5.63 | (44, 68, 88, 108, 116, 194, 251, 265, 282) | |
| (m)RS | 0(+7) | 7 | 2.02 | 4.38 | (76, 104, 109, 116, 121, 163, 210) | |
| MSS | 0(+3) | 3 | 0.86 | 1.88 | (25–27) | |
| EMG | 0(+2) | 2 | 0.58 | 1.25 | (83, 87) | |
| RMA | 2(+0) | 2 | 0.58 | 1.25 | (171, 204) | |
| Others | 4(+3) | 7 | 0.29a | 0.63a | SSS (133), FIM (193), AMAT (106), STREAM (269), [RPSS (112), MFT (203), CAHAI (262)] | |
| Total | 160 (+71) | Σx = 160 | 46.11 | 100.00 | ||
| Muscle strength | MRC | 12(+0) | 12 | 3.46 | 23.08 | (11, 26, 27, 34, 38, 43, 70, 76, 79, 83, 140, 144) |
| MI | 4(+1) | 5 | 1.44 | 9.62 | (28, 32, 34, 106, 270) | |
| MPS | 2(+0) | 2 | 0.58 | 3.85 | (24, 25) | |
| Peak torque | 4(+0) | 4 | 1.15 | 7.69 | (48, 75, 108, 267) | |
| Dynamometer | 14(+0) | 14 | 4.03 | 26.92 | (55, 63, 86, 96, 207, 214, 215, 218, 219, 227, 228, 278, 296, 317) | |
| EMG | 3(+2) | 5 | 1.44 | 9.62 | (107, 200, 206, 218, 226) | |
| MMT | 3(+0) | 3 | 0.86 | 5.77 | (121, 137, 206) | |
| Virgometer | 2(+0) | 2 | 0.58 | 3.85 | (247, 250) | |
| 1RM | 1(+1) | 2 | 0.58 | 3.85 | (223, 228) | |
| Hand grip | 3(+0) | 3 | 0.86 | 5.77 | (59, 69, 237) | |
| Others | 4 (+1) | 5 | 0.29a | 1.92a | HSS (80), KTPB (70), Pinch gauge (71), PGBT (120), Myometer (220) | |
| Total (Σf) | 52(+5) | Σx = 52 | 14.99 | 100.00 | ||
| Balance | BBS | 34(+0) | 34 | 9.80 | 68.00 | (11, 13, 22, 23, 92, 102, 103, 110, 119, 127, 129, 134, 135, 139, 144, 217, 222, 242, 247, 250, 265, 266, 270, 273, 276, 278, 279, 299, 306, 312, 314, 318, 323, 343) |
| TUG | 6(+6) | 12 | 3.46 | 24.00 | (5, 11, 36, 49, 103, 107, 110, 119, 124, 250, 265, 348) | |
| ABC | 0(+2) | 2 | 0.58 | 4.00 | (129, 135) | |
| FRT | 3(+1) | 4 | 1.15 | 8.00 | (119, 271, 281, 321) | |
| FTSTS | 1(+1) | 2 | 0.58 | 4.00 | (48, 244) | |
| Fall calendar | 2(+0) | 2 | 0.58 | 4.00 | (248, 316) | |
| LoS | 1(+1) | 2 | 0.58 | 4.00 | (199, 273) | |
| Others | 3(+6) | 9 | 0.29a | 2.00a | BBA (102), PSV (110), COP (113), BPM (125) SQ (126), FABS (199), PASS (267), BMS (273), PPA (315) | |
| Total | 50(+17) | Σx = 50 | 14.41 | 100.00 | ||
| Muscle tone (spasticity) | (m)AS | 37(+0) | 37 | 10.66 | 90.24 | (12, 14, 19, 24, 25, 27–29, 31, 32, 34, 41, 56, 63, 65, 66, 68, 73, 91, 96, 99, 112, 138, 145, 189, 192, 202, 204, 219, 230, 247, 250, 267, 312, 345, 346, 349) |
| CSS | 2(+0) | 2 | 0.58 | 4.88 | (107, 259) | |
| Others | 2(+2) | 4 | 0.29a | 2.44a | EMG (68), H/M ratio (94), Pendulum Test (94), Myotron-3D (186) | |
| Total (Σf) | 41(+2) | Σx = 41 | 11.82 | 100.00 | ||
| Depression | HAD-S | 16(+0) | 16 | 4.61 | 38.10 | (12, 216, 233, 236, 248, 260, 269, 277, 281, 291, 303, 308, 316, 328, 330, 332) |
| CES-D | 4(+0) | 4 | 1.15 | 9.52 | (21, 196, 289, 297, 319) | |
| BDI | 4(+0) | 4 | 1.15 | 9.52 | (24, 89, 121, 300) | |
| GDS | 7(+0) | 7 | 2.02 | 16.67 | (153, 214, 253, 283, 290, 299, 312) | |
| GHQ | 2(+0) | 2 | 0.58 | 4.76 | (142, 304) | |
| Others | 9(+1) | 10 | 0.29a | 2.38a | SADQ-H (80), IMTEQ (111), PHQ (222), ARS-D (244), STAI (299), Kessler-10 (289), MADS (292), DASS (305), Zungseas (340), SAS (216) | |
| Total (Σf) | 42(+1) | Σx = 42 | 12.10 | 100.00 | ||
| Pain | VAS | 8(+0) | 8 | 2.31 | 66.67 | (28, 99, 183, 190, 231, 287, 295, 345) |
| FMA | 2(+0) | 2 | 0.58 | 16.67 | (24, 189) | |
| Others | 2 (+1) | 3 | 0.29a | 8.33a | PNS (346), WBF (153), RAI (231) | |
| Total (Σf) | 12(+1) | Σx = 12 | 3.46 | 100.00 | ||
| Speech | WAB | 2(+0) | 2 | 0.58 | 12.50 | (59, 72) |
| ASRS | 2(+0) | 2 | 0.58 | 12.50 | (80, 84) | |
| BDAE | 2(+1) | 3 | 0.86 | 18.75 | (82, 84, 240) | |
| AAT | 3(+0) | 3 | 0.86 | 18.75 | (67, 170, 238) | |
| PAS | 2(+0) | 2 | 0.58 | 12.50 | (195, 224) | |
| Others | 5 (+10) | 14 | 0.29a | 6.25a | TOM (239), COAST (37), CCAS (78), COM-B (350), DRS (68), [VfDS (217), HSS (80), PICA (240), BNT (82), SVPN (82), CAL (170), Milan protocol (238), FCP (240), Token Test (238), CPNT (84)] | |
| Total (Σf) | 16(+10) | Σx = 16 | 4.61 | 100.00 | ||
| Cognitive/Executive Fxn | ACER | 2(+0) | 2 | 0.58 | 7.69 | (12, 118) |
| TMT | 4(+1) | 5 | 1.44 | 19.23 | (118, 234–236, 342) | |
| MMSES | 5(+0) | 5 | 1.44 | 19.23 | (216, 232, 248, 293, 317) | |
| MCA | 2(+1) | 3 | 0.86 | 11.54 | (216, 298, 306) | |
| Others | 10 (11) | 21 | 0.29a | 3.85a | Token Test (138), THT (89), CL (197), SART (237), SPMSQ (289), PGCM (311), MAQ (196), CTT (198), VDS (234), CT-50CT (313), [VMIQ (197), S-CNPT (89), CFQ (235), AVLT (196), RBMT (197), Picture arrangement (118), CWST (234), BST (235), SPM (235), ESS (237), StSS (237)] | |
| Total (Σf) | 26(+13) | Σx = 26 | 7.49 | 100.00 | ||
| Range of motion (ROM) | Goniometer | 8(+0) | 8 | 2.31 | 72.73 | (66, 91, 100, 105, 229–231, 345) |
| Others | 3(+0) | 3 | 0.29a | 9.09a | MCbA (282), 3D-MA (210); Reaching (40) | |
| Total (Σf) | 11(+0) | Σx = 11 | 3.17 | 100.00 | ||
| CVS, hemat and respiratory function | VO2 max | 3(+0) | 3 | 0.86 | 21.43 | (44, 134, 278) |
| HR | 2(+1) | 3 | 0.86 | 21.43 | (44, 108, 275) | |
| MIP | 2(+0) | 2 | 0.58 | 14.29 | (224, 249) | |
| PCI | 2(+0) | 2 | 0.58 | 14.29 | (271, 286) | |
| Others | 5(+14) | 19 | 0.29a | 7.14a | 02 pulse (44), PC (255), IME (249), BP (44), MPV (255), SBMBDS (263), MEP (224), RPE (44), FVC (263), Vent Resp (44), CBF (232), FEVI (263), Borg's Scale (138), WBC (255), WHS (138), RBC (255), 2 MWT (348), Hg (255), FEV/FVC (263) | |
| Total (Σf) | 14(+15) | Σx = 14 | 4.03 | 100.00 | ||
| Structural dysfunction | X-ray | 1(+0) | 1 | 0.29 | 33.33 | (99) |
| fMRI | 1(+0) | 1 | 0.29 | 33.33 | (151) | |
| LVM | 1(+0) | 1 | 0.29 | 33.33 | (158) | |
| Total | 3(+0) | Σx = 3 | 0.86 | 100.00 | ||
| Cortical excitability | TMS | 6(+0) | 6 | 1.73 | 33.33 | (58, 71, 90, 156, 187, 274) |
| rMT | 4(+2) | 6 | 1.73 | 33.33 | (68, 70, 80, 83, 90, 187) | |
| MEP | 4(+4) | 8 | 2.31 | 44.44 | (62, 63, 70, 74, 83, 87, 90, 187) | |
| aMT | 0(+2) | 2 | 0.58 | 11.11 | (70, 80) | |
| MMA | 0(+2) | 2 | 0.58 | 11.11 | (68, 83) | |
| fMRI | 4(+0) | 4 | 1.15 | 22.22 | (59, 210, 336, 349) | |
| Others | 0(+2) | 2 | 0.29a | 5.56a | [SICI (67), ICF (67)] | |
| Total (Σf) | 18(+12) | Σx = 18 | 5.19 | 100.00 | ||
| Perception and sensation | 2PD | 3(+0) | 3 | 0.86 | 23.08 | (176, 184, 251) |
| Others | 10 (+1) | 11 | 0.29a | 7.69a | Ns (130) NSA (188) CBS (258) Oxford Scale (138) SCT (189) Light Trash (282) [Cutaneous Threshold (184)] NEIVEQ (243) Brush mood (183) RASP (186) AMT (245) | |
| Total (Σf) | 13(+1) | Σx = 13 | 3.74 | 100.00 | ||
| Posture | TCT | 3(+0) | 3 | 0.86 | 60.00 | (106, 138, 251) |
| Others | 2(+1) | 3 | 0.29a | 20.00a | PASS (102), SBMS (94), [mRS (138)] | |
| Total (Σf) | 5(+1) | Σx = 5 | 1.44 | 100.00 | ||
| Hemineglect | BIT | 1(+0) | 1 | 0.29 | 50.00 | (191) |
| Albert Test | 1(+0) | 1 | 0.29 | 50.00 | (138) | |
| Total | 2(+0) | Σx = 2 | 0.58 | 100.00 | ||
| Attitude and belief | ABC | 2(+0) | 2 | 0.58 | 22.22 | (216, 222) |
| Others | 7(+0) | 7 | 0.29a | 11.11a | SEOEE (203), LSES (284), FES (336), GSES (234), CABS (351), SEQ (262), SSEQ (333) | |
| Total (Σf) | 9(+0) | Σx = 9 | 2.59 | 100.00 | ||
| Infection | FLUTS-Q | 1(+0) | 1 | 0.29 | – | (226) |
| flexibility | EFT | 1(+0) | 1 | 0.29 | – | (226) |
| fatigue/Stress | CSI | 6(+0) | 6 | 1.73 | 50.00 | (303, 312, 317, 322, 330) |
| CBS | 2(+0) | 2 | 0.58 | 16.67 | (314, 328) | |
| Others | 2(+2) | 4 | 0.29a | 8.33 | CIS-F (269), [GHQ (352), SOL-f (269) RSS (350)] | |
| Total (Σf) | 12(+0) | Σx = 12 | 3.46 | 100.00 | ||
| Social support | PRO-85 | 1(+0) | 1 | 0.29 | – | (291) |
| Fxn | IIQ | 1(+0) | 1 | 0.29 | – | (303) |
| COST | Fin. Acct. | 1(+0) | 1 | 0.29 | 50.00 | (345) |
| Econ. Eval | 1(+0) | 1 | 0.29 | 50.00 | (312) | |
| Total | 2(+0) | Σx = 2 | 0.58 | 100.00 | ||
| Satisfaction | GAS | 2(+0) | 2 | 0.58 | 22.22 | (185, 272) |
| Others | 7(+1) | 8 | 0.29a | 11.11a | VAS (269), SASC-19 (291), WHOQoL (284), Likert Scale (304), PSS (330), SSMBP (333), SSPS (336), [PoSS (330)] | |
| Total (Σf) | 9(+1) | Σx = 9 | 2.59 | 100.00 |
na, n% for each of the outcome measures; x, exclusive frequency; y, repeated frequency, f, sum of x and y; % = (f/347*100); Rel %, (f/Σx*100).
FMA, Fugl Meyer Assessment Scale; WMFT, Wolf Motor Function Test; BBT, Box and Block Test; ARAT, Action Reach Arm Test; MAS, Motor Assessment Scale; MI, Motricity Index; (m)RS, (modified) Rankin Scale; MSS, Motor Status Scale; RMA, Rivermead Motor Assessment AMAT, Action Reach Arm Test; RPSS, Reaching Performance Scale for Stroke; SSS, Scandinavian Stroke Scale; FIM, Functional Independence Measure; MFT, Motor Function Test; CAHAI, Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory; STREAM, Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment for Movement; MRC, Medical Research Council Scale for Muscle Strength; MPS, Motor Power Scale; EMG, Electromyogram; MMT, Manual Muscle Test; 1RM, One Repetition Maximum; HSS, Hemiplegic Stroke Scale; KT PB, Keyboard Tapping and Peg Board Task; ROM, Range of Motion; BBS, Bergs Balance Scale; TUG, Time Up and Go test; ABC, Activity specific Balance Confidence scale; FRT, Functional Reach Test; FTSTS, Five Times Sit to Stand Test; LoS, Level of Support; BBA, Brunel Balance Scale; PSV, Postural Say Velocity; CoP, Center of Pressure; BPM, Balance Performance Monitor; SQ, Semistructured Questionnaire; FABS, Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale; PASS, Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke; BMS, Balance Master System; PPA, Physiological profile Assessment; (m)AS, (modified) Ashworth Scale; CSS, Composite Spasticity Scale; H-M ratio, Hoffman Reflect–Motor Response ratio; HAD-S, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; BDI, Beck's Depression Inventory; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; GHQ, General Health Questionnaire; SADQ-H, Stroke Aphasic Depression Questionnaire—Hospital Version; IMTEQ, Intrinsic Motivational Task Evaluation Questionnaire; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; ARS-D, Aphasia Rating Scale for Depression; STAI, State Trait Anxiety Inventory; MADS, Montgomery Asberg Depression Scale; DASS, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale; SAS, Self-rating Anxiety Scale; VAS, Visual Analog Scale; PNS, Pain Numerical Scale; WBF, Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale; RAI, Resident Assessment Instrument; WAB, Western Aphasia Battery; ASRS, Apraxia of Speech Rating Scale; BDAE, Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination; AAT, Aachen Aphasia Test; PAS, Penetration Aspiration Scale; TOM, Therapy Outcome Measure; COAST, Communication Outcomes After Stroke Scale; CCAS, Concise Chinese Aphasia Scale; COM-B, Capability, Opportunity, Motivation—Behavior model; VfDS, Videofluoroscopic Dysphagia Scale; HSS, Hemiplegic Stroke Scale; PICA, Porch Index of Communicative Ability; BNT, Boston Naming Test; SVPN, Solutions with Virtual Private Networks; CAL, Communicative Activity Log; FCP, Functional Communication Profile; CPNT, Computerized Picture Naming Test; DRS, Dysphagia Rating Scale; ACE, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination; TMT, Trail Making Test; MMSES, Mini-Mental Stroke Examination Scale; ROM, Range of Motion; MCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale; THT, Tower of Hanoi Task; CL, Cognitive Log; VMIQ, Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire; SART, Sustained Attention to Response Test; S-CNT, Seoul Computerized Neuropsychiatric Test; CFQ, Cognitive Failure Questionnaire; SPMSQ, Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire; PGCM, Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale; MAQ, Meta-memory in Adulthood Questionnaire; AVLT, Auditory Verbal Learning Test; CTT, Color Test Trial; RBMT, Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test; VDS, Verbal Digital Test; CWST, Color–Word Stroop Test; BST, Block Span Test; DST, Digit Span Test; SPM, Standard Progressive Matrices; ESS, European Sleepiness Scale; StSS, Strafford Sleepiness Scale; CT-50 CT, CT-50 Cognitive Test; MCbA, Motor Club Assessment; 3D-MA, 3D Motion Analysis; CVS, Cardiovascular System; VO2Max, Maximal Oxygen Consumption; HR, Heart Rate; MIP, Maximum Inspiratory pressure; PCI, Physiological Cost Index; PC, Platelet Count; IME, Inspiratory Muscular Endurance; BP, Blood Pressure; MPV, Mean Platelet Volume; SBMBDS, Shortness of Breath Modified Borg Dyspnea Scale; MEP, Maximum Expiratory Pressure; RPE, Rate Perceived Exertion; FVC, Forced Vital Capacity; Vent-Resp, Ventilatory Response; CBF, Cerebral Blood Flow; FEV1, Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s; WBC, White Blood Count; RBC, Red Blood Count; 2 MWT, 2 minute Walk Test; fMRI, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; LVM, Longitudinal Voxel Morphology; TMS, Transcranial Magnetic Imaging; rMT, rest Motor Threshold; MEP, Motor Evoked Potential; aMT, active Motor Threshold; MMA, Motor Map Area; SICI, Short-Interval Intracortical Inhibition; ICF, Intra-Cortical Facilitation; 2PD, Two point Discrimination; NS, Numerical Scale; RASP, Rivermead Assessment of Somatosensory Performance; NSA, Nottingham Sensory Assessment; CBS, Catherine Bergego Scale; SCT, Star Cancellation Test; NEI-VFQ, National Eye Institute Visual functioning Questionnaire; TCT, Trunk Control Test; PASS, Posture Assessment Scale for Stroke; SBMS, Smart Balance Master System; BIT, Behavioral Inattention Test; SEOEE, Short Self-efficacy and Outcomes Expectations for Exercise; LSES, Liverpool Self-Efficacy Scale; FES, Falls Efficacy Scale; GSES, General Self-Efficacy Scale; CABS, Cerebrovascular Attitudes and Beliefs Scale; SEQ, Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; SSEQ, Stroke Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; FLUTS-Q, Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptom Questionnaire; EFT, Eriksen Flanker Test; CSI, Carer Strain Index; CBS, Caregiver Burden Scale; CIS-f, Checklist Individual Strength—subscale fatigue; SOL-f, Self-Observation List—fatigue subscale; RSS, Relatives' Stress Scale; PRO-85, Personal Resource Questionnaire; IIQ, Incontinence Impact Questionnaire; Fin Acct, Financial Account, Econ. Eval, Economic Evaluation; GAS, Goal Attainment Scale; SASC, Satisfaction-With-Stroke-Care questionnaire; WHOQoL, WHO Quality of Life Scale; PSS, Patient Satisfaction with Services; SSMBP, Stroke Self-Management Behaviors Performance Scale; PoSS, Pound Satisfaction Scale.