Table 5.
Overview of results from studies of airborne dust, endotoxin, (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan and allergen levels within farm workplaces. Personal exposure levels from the inhalable and/or total fraction are summarized except when indicated
| Environment | Dust (EU m−3) | Endotoxin (EU m−3) | (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan (ng m−3) | Allergens (U m−3) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Range of means (individual concentrations) | References | Range of means (individual concentrations) | Analytical method | References | Range of means (individual concentrations) | Analytical method | References | Agent | Range of means (individual concentrations) | Analytical method | References | |
| Livestock farming | ||||||||||||
| Pig farming | 0.83–5 (< LOD–76.7) | [10, 126, 129, 155–157] | 400–3400 (< LOD–374,000) | KC/T-LAL, rFC | [10, 126, 129, 156, 157] | 223 (6–5208) | Glucatell (Factor G LAL) | [157] | ||||
| NR (33–410) | SI-EIA | [158] | ||||||||||
| NR (18–96) | Glucatell (Factor G LAL) | [158] | ||||||||||
| Dairy farming | 0.6–2.4 (< LOD-9.8) | [10, 119, 129, 130, 135, 159–162] | 220–1570 (< LOD–8290) | KC/T-LAL, rFC | [10, 119, 129, 130, 135, 159–162] | 10,300 (150–232,000) | SI-EIA | [135] | Bovine allergen | 1.39 (0.1–46.8) | ELISA | [114] |
| Poultry farming, non-specific | 6.5–7.0 (0.02–81.3) | [156, 163] | 2576 (190–16,348) | KC/T-LAL | [156] | NR (13–5000) | Glucatell (Factor G LAL) | [158] | ||||
| NR (2–972) | SI-EIA | [158] | ||||||||||
| Poultry farming, layers | 2.4–9.6 (1.6–14) | [129, 162, 164, 165] | 694–7517 (1162–19,745) | KC/T-LAL, rFC | [129, 162, 164, 165] | |||||||
| Poultry farming, broilers | 2.2–11.2 (4–4.4) | [162, 164] | 596–9609 (61–8120) | KC/T-LAL | [162, 164] | |||||||
| Mink farming | 1.3 (0.5–2.3) | [129] | 214 (93–1050) | KC/T-LAL | [129] | |||||||
| Mixed livestock production farming | 0.54–1.9 (0.4–8.9) | [129, 160] | 448 (< LOD-2910) | KC/T-LAL | [129] | |||||||
| Horse keeping/farming | 1.4 (0.2–9.5) | [116] | 742 (92–9846) | KC/T-LAL | [116] | 9500 (< LOD–631,000) | SI-EIA | [116] | Horse allergen | ELISA | 438–4300 (286–6272)*# | [117, 118] |
NR not reported, LOD limit of detection, LAL limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay, KC/T-LAL kinetic and/or turbidimetric chromogenic LAL assay, rFC recombinant factor C assay, SI-EIA specific inhibition enzyme-linked immuno assay, Glucatell glucatell modification of the LAL assay, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
* Transformed from U mg−3 assuming 1 U = 1 ng
#Stationary measurements