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. 2020 Jun 11;44(2):424–437. doi: 10.3892/or.2020.7643

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

TME-derived predictive biomarkers for PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. The TME consists of non-malignant stromal cells (cancer-associated fibroblasts, MDSCs, effector T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, Treg cells and macrophages), extracellular matrix, and the blood and lymphatic vascular networks. Those stromal cells can release growth factors, matrix-degrading enzymes, cytokines and chemokines. The components of TME, including exhausted CD8+ T cells, MDSCs, Treg cells, IDO, IFN-γ and IFN-related genes (CXCL9, CXCL11, and IFN receptor-associated Jak1 and Jak2), and other immune genes (BACH2 and CCL3), proposed as biomarkers of response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy were categorized. TME, tumor microenvironment; PD-1, programmed death-1; PD-L1, PD ligand-1; MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells; Treg cells, regulatory T cells; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; IFN, interferon; CXCL, C-X-C motif chemokine; Jak, Janus kinase; BACH2, BTB domain and CNC homolog 2; CCL, C-C motif chemokine.