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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jul 6.
Published in final edited form as: Energy Econ. 2016;60:460–468. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2016.06.009

Table 1.

Upstream CH4 emissions used in the study for natural gas, coal, and oil.

CH4 CH4
kt/PJ kt/PJ
Fuel Scenarios 2010–2015 2020–2055 References
Natural gas extraction and production
1% 0.15 0.1 Peischl et al. (2015)
2.30% 0.34 0.24 Low end of range in Caulton et al. (2014)
4% 0.59 0.42 Modelers choice
7% 1.03 0.73 Average of range in Caulton et al. (2014)
Natural gas transmission and distribution All 0.07954 0.07954 GREET v1.8c, Wang et al. (2007)
Coal All 0.15 0.15 Venkatesh et al. (2012)
Oil All 0.081 0.081 NREL LCI Digital Commons (2012)