Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants at baseline
| Total (n = 17,302) | Urban (n = 7003) | Rural (n = 10,299) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year, mean (Standard deviation) | 59.67 (19.71) | 59.49 (24.27) | 59.86 (19.28) | 0.280 |
| Age groups, n (%) | 0.131 | |||
| 45- | 6079 (36.22) | 2537 (37.67) | 3542 (34.77) | |
| 55- | 6439 (34.95) | 2558 (34.12) | 3881 (35.78) | |
| 65- | 3228 (18.02) | 1249 (17.26) | 1979 (18.78) | |
| 75- | 1348 (9.05) | 574 (9.27) | 774 (8.83) | |
| 85- | 208 (1.76) | 85 (1.68) | 123 (1.84) | |
| Female, n (%) | 8881 (51.66) | 3679 (52.49) | 5202 (50.82) | 0.022 |
| Education level, n (%)a | < 0.001 | |||
| Sishu/home school and below | 7801 (42.51) | 2272 (30.17) | 5539 (54.86 | |
| Elementary school and middle school | 7259 (42.10) | 3162 (45.24) | 4097 (38.94) | |
| High school and above | 2211 (15.40) | 1559 (24.59) | 652 (6.20) | |
| Smoking status, n (%)a | < 0.001 | |||
| Never | 10,278 (63.47) | 4297 (65.67) | 5981 (61.29) | |
| Former | 1410 (9.07) | 609 (10.13) | 801 (8.03) | |
| Current | 4829 (27.46) | 1765 (24.21) | 3064 (30.68) | |
| Alcohol consumption, n(%)a | 0.081 | |||
| Never | 11,822 (70.13) | 4855 (71.38) | 6967 (68.88) | |
| Former | 1040 (5.62) | 424 (5.52) | 616 (5.72) | |
| Current but not heavy drinker | 2996 (17.03) | 1146 (16.64) | 1850 (17.41) | |
| Heavy drinker | 1352 (7.23) | 519 (6.46) | 833 (7.99) | |
| BMI category, n (%)a | < 0.001 | |||
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 918 (6.81) | 227 (4.50) | 691 (8.65) | |
| Normal (18.5–23.9) | 7056 (52.01) | 2299 (45.58) | 4757 (57.12) | |
| Overweight (24.0–27.9) | 3849 (29.66) | 1679 (35.00) | 2170 (25.41) | |
| Obesity (≥28) | 1501 (11.53) | 729 (14.92) | 772 (8.82) | |
| Physical inactivity, n (%)b | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 4034 (55.94) | 1330 (45.32) | 2704 (65.80) | |
| Yes | 2727 (44.06) | 1388 (54.68) | 1339 (34.20) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0.003 | |||
| Previously knew | 4298 (26.21) | 1967 (29.46) | 2331 (22.97) | |
| Newly detected | 2225 (12.92) | 843 (12.05) | 1382 (13.78) | |
| High Cholesterol, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Previously knew | 1579 (10.11) | 881 (13.41) | 698 (6.81) | |
| Newly detected | 1090 (5.75) | 382 (4.45) | 708 (7.06) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Previously knew | 992 (6.16) | 562 (8.18) | 430 (4.14) | |
| Newly detected | 1107 (6.13) | 421 (5.68) | 686 (6.58) | |
| Cardiovascular diseases, n (%) | 2380 (13.82) | 1171 (15.98) | 1209 (11.68) | < 0.001 |
aThere are 31 missing in education, 785 missing in smoking, 92 missing in alcohol consumption, 3978 missing in measuring BMI, 181, 439, 253 and 141 in hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases
bPhysical inactivity was defined in a sub-sample, with total number 6761, of them, 2718 were in urban area, and 4043 were in rural area. BMI: body mass index