Table 2.
Cox proportional-hazards regression model for recurrence-free survival and overall survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma ⩽2 cm presented as pure solid nodules (n = 772).
| Variables | Recurrence-free survival |
Overall survival |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate |
Multivariate |
Univariate |
Multivariate |
|||
| p | HR (95% CI) | p | p | HR (95%CI) | p | |
| Age (>65 versus ⩽65) | 0.483 | 0.327 | ||||
| Sex (male versus female) | 0.108 | 0.216 | ||||
| Smoking (current or ex- versus non-smoker) | 0.288 | 0.173 | ||||
| COPD (present versus absent) | 0.348 | 0.006 | 1.055 (0.407–2.734) | 0.913 | ||
| Cardiovascular disease (present versus absent) | 0.152 | 0.003 | 1.619 (0.652–4.02) | 0.299 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus (present versus absent) | 0.182 | 0.225 | ||||
| FEV1% (>70 versus ⩽70) | 0.842 | 0.957 | ||||
| CEA (>10 versus ⩽10 ng/ml) | 0.068 | 1.41 (0.974–2.041) | 0.220 | 0.095 | 1.248 (0.811–1.919) | 0.314 |
| VPI (present versus absent) | 0.117 | 0.23 | ||||
| VATS (yes versus no) | 0.631 | 0.188 | ||||
| Tumor location (upper and middle versus lower) | 0.610 | 0.383 | ||||
| Surgical procedure | ||||||
| Lobectomy (reference) | reference | reference | reference | reference | ||
| Segmentectomy | 0.131 | 1.266 (0.763–2.1) | 0.361 | 0.019 | 1.448 (0.775–2.706) | 0.246 |
| Wedge resection | <0.001 | 2.252 (1.603–3.164) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 3.16 (2.154–4.635) | <0.001 |
| Percentage of MIP subtype (>5% versus ⩽5%) | <0.001 | 1.704 (1.276–2.277) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.83 (1.291–2.595) | 0.001 |
| Percentage of solid subtype (>5% versus ⩽5%) | 0.002 | 1.264 (0.939–1.702) | 0.124 | <0.001 | 1.458 (1.014–2.095) | 0.042 |
| Percentage of acinar subtype (>5% versus ⩽5%) | 0.532 | 0.151 | ||||
| Percentage of papillary subtype (>5% versus ⩽5%) | 0.369 | 0.936 | ||||
| Percentage of lepidic subtype (>5% versus ⩽5%) | 0.083 | 0.822 (0.603–1.12) | 0.214 | 0.095 | 0.691 (0.47–1.018) | 0.062 |
| Lymph node status (N1, N2 versus N0) | <0.001 | 3.676 (2.701–5.002) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 4.26 (2.935–6.184) | <0.001 |
Variables with p value <0.1 in univariate models were analyzed in a multivariate analysis model.
CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; HR, hazard ratio; MIP, micropapillary; VATS, video-assisted thoracic surgery; VPI, visceral pleural invasion.