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. 2020 Jul 3;8:e9411. doi: 10.7717/peerj.9411

Figure 3. Paleogeography and climate of South and Southeast Asia, 60–25 Ma.

Figure 3

Tectonic reconstructions modified from Hall (2012); paleoclimate reconstructions based on Morley (2018). Solid arrows indicate directions of plant dispersals (dark-green—perhumid floral elements, light-green—seasonal wet/seasonal dry elements) (from Morley, 2018); red arrows show probable areas of Microhylinae diversification and ways of their dispersal. (A) K/T boundary to early Paleocene: the isolated Indian subcontinent (ISC) is drifting northwards cradling perhumid tropical biota, Southeast Asia (SEA) has primarily seasonal wet or seasonal dry climate, no land connection between SEA and ISC, basal radiation of Microhylinae in the ISC; (B) Paleocene to early Eocene: the ISC and SEA are at the same latitude within same perhumid climate zone, first land connections between India and Sundaland via Incertus Arc, dispersal of Microhylinae from the ISC to SEA; (C) Middle Eocene: land connection between the ISC and mainland Southeast Asia (modern-day Myanmar), basal radiation of Microhyla—Glyphoglossus assemblage in SEA; (D) Oligocene: India drifts into northern high-pressure zone and seasonally dry climates predominate across the ISC and SEA, Microhyla II lineages colonize the ISC from SEA. Base Map created using https://www.simplemappr.net/.