Table 5.

Mixed-effects regression models of metabolic outcomes in male and female participants

Male participants
Outcome	Fixed factor	β coefficient	95% CI	P
4-h postdinner AUC-glucose (mg/dL*h)	Late dinner	84.1	42.3 to 125.9	< .001
Postdinner FAO rate (%/h)	Late dinner	–.6	–1.18 to 0.01	0.05
Female participants
Outcome	Fixed factor	β coefficient	95% CI	P
4-h postdinner AUC-glucose (mg/dL*h)	Late dinner	73.9	45.7 to 102.0	< .001
Post-dinner FAO rate (%/h)	Late dinner	–.8	–1.74 to 0.07	0.07

This is a subgroup analysis performed in male and female participants, respectively. β coefficients are obtained from the fixed part of mixed-effects models, in which each metabolic outcome was regressed against the fixed factor and the random factor subject number. Bold P values mean statistically significant.

Abbreviations: AUC, area under the curve; FAO, fatty acid oxidation; Late dinner, 0 = routine dinner visit, 1 = late dinner visit; postdinner FAO rate, cumulative FAO at 14 hours after dinner divided by 14 hours.