Table 5. Twelve-month prevalence of benzodiazepine use according to the DSM-IV/WMH-CIDI diagnosis by sex. Results from the São Paulo Megacity, São Paulo, Brazil (N=1,271).
| At least one BZD | Exclusive use | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mental health disorder | Total | N (%) | SE | OR (95% CI) | X2 | p-value | N (%) | SE | OR (95% CI) |
| Anxiety Disorders | |||||||||
| Panic disorder | 61 | 17 (33.7) | 8.9 | 1.7 (0.3-10.4) | 0.4 | 0.542 | 04 (9.8) | 4.2 | 0.4 (0.0-3.8) |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 128 | 08 (8.4) | 3.6 | 0.5 (0.1-3.3) | 0.6 | 0.4391 | 03 (4.3) | 3.1 | 0.1 (0.0-1.9) |
| Specific phobia | 471 | 54 (7.7) | 1.3 | 0.8 (0.3-2.3) | 0.2 | 0.6757 | 19 (2.8) | 0.7 | 0.8 (0.2-3.4) |
| Social phobia | 174 | 23 (10.4) | 3.1 | 2.3 (0.6-9.8) | 1.3 | 0.25 | 05 (2.1) | 1.1 | 0.8 (0.1-5.2) |
| Agoraphobia without panic | 88 | 16 (13.5) | 3.3 | 9.9 (0.9-104.6) | 3.6 | 0.0573 | 04 (3.9) | 2.2 | 2.3 (0.2-26.5) |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 80 | 10 (6.6) | 2.5 | 0.7 (0.1-4.7) | 0.18 | 0.6714 | 03 (2.5) | 1.6 | 0.1 (0-0.8) |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 155 | 19 (8.8) | 2.5 | 7.0 (1.6-30.0) | 6.8 | 0.0094 | 04 (1.4) | 0.8 | 0.4 (0.0-3.2) |
| Adult separation anxiety | 95 | 12 (12.6) | 4.3 | - | - | - | 04 (4.2) | 2.4 | - |
| Any anxiety disorder | 836 | 89 (8.1) | 1.0 | 1.1 (0.5-2,52) | 0.0 | 0.8466 | 31 (2.9) | 0.6 | 0.6 (0.2-1.5) |
| Mood Disorders | |||||||||
| Major depressive disorder | 488 | 62 (13.4) | 2.2 | 1.4 (0.4-4.28) | 0.3 | 0.5879 | 17 (4.0) | 1.0 | 0.9 (0.2-4.0) |
| Dysthymia | 62 | 09 (11.8) | 5.6 | 7.5 (0.5-104.2) | 2.2 | 0.1349 | 02 (2.7) | 1.9 | - |
| Bipolar I and II disorders | 73 | 19 (23.3) | 5.5 | 1.4 (0.5-4.1) | 0.4 | 0.5106 | 04 (4.5) | 2.8 | 2.3 (0.5-10.7) |
| Any mood disorder | 567 | 82 (14.7) | 2.3 | 1.3 (0.5-3.6) | 0.3 | 0.6112 | 21 (4.0) | 1.0 | 1.1 (0.3-4.1) |
| Substance Use Disorders | |||||||||
| Alcohol abuse | 134 | 10 (7.8) | 3.1 | 2.0 (0.5-8.05) | 0.9 | 0.3492 | 04 (2.8) | 1.7 | 0.9 (0.1-11.9) |
| Alcohol dependence | 64 | 07 (13.2) | 6.3 | 2.1 (0.4-9.5) | 0.8 | 0.3614 | 02 (3.9) | 3.1 | - |
| Drug abuse | 31 | 03 (6.6) | 3.6 | 8.2 (1.9-36.4) | 7.8 | 0.0054 | 01 (2.4) | 2.2 | - |
| Drug dependence | 21 | 03 (11.7) | 7.4 | 9.3 (1.5-58.8) | 5.6 | 0.0176 | 01 (2.6) | 2.6 | - |
| Any substance use disorder | 163 | 13 (7.9) | 2.5 | 3.6 (0.9-15.1) | 3.1 | 0.0763 | 04 (2.2) | 1.3 | 0.8 (0.1-10.3) |
| Impulse-control Disorders | |||||||||
| Attention deficit disorder | 45 | 07 (13.3) | 6.0 | 17.5 (2.1-146.8) | 6.98 | 0.0083 | 03 (10.1) | 5.8 | 11.3 (1.4-90.6) |
| Oppositional-defiant disorder | 20 | 01 (3.8) | 3.8 | - | - | - | |||
| Conduct disorder | 17 | 03 (15.9) | 9.3 | - | - | - | 01 (8.4) | 8.0 | - |
| Intermittent explosive disorder | 137 | 10 (4.6) | 1.5 | 4.1 (0.7-23.3) | 2.6 | 0.1096 | 03 (1.2) | 0.7 | 2.3 (0.2-30.9) |
| Any impulse-control disorder | 191 | 16 (5.8) | 1,7 | 5.6 (1.1-27.7) | 4.4 | 0.0352 | 06 (2.9) | 1.1 | 4.2 (0.5-37.6) |
| Any 12-month Disorder | |||||||||
| Any | 1271 | 117 (7.8) | 0.8 | 1.5 (0.7-3.2) | 0.9 | 0.3563 | 40 (2.7) | 0.4 | 0.8 (0.4-1.8) |
| 0 Disorders | 1664 | 45 (1.9) | 0.6 | 13.0 (4.1-41.3) | 19.0 | <0.0001 | 25 (1.4) | 0.6 | 20.9 (5.4-81.9) |
| 1 Disorder | 731 | 48 (5.6) | 0.9 | 1.2 (0.5-3.0) | 0.1 | 0.7294 | 20 (2.2) | 0.5 | 0.6 (0.2-1.8) |
| 2 Disorders | 262 | 19 (6.1) | 1.0 | 1.2 (0.2-6. 3) | 0.1 | 0.8004 | 08 (2.6) | 1.0 | 1.4 (0.2-9.8) |
| 3+ Disorders | 278 | 50 (16.3) | 3.0 | 2.3 (0.9-6.1) | 3.0 | 0.0836 | 12 (4.6) | 1.4 | 1.1 (0.2-5.2) |
| Severity | |||||||||
| Serious | 465 | 77 (15.3) | 2.1 | 1.3 (0.6-2.9) | 0.4 | 0.5226 | - | - | - |
| Moderate | 409 | 21 (4.2) | 1.1 | 2.2 (0.4-10.9) | 0.9 | 0.3438 | - | - | - |
| Mild | 397 | 19 (3.7) | 0.8 | 3.4 (0.8-14.4) | 2.7 | 0.0999 | - | - | - |
| None | 1664 | 45 (1.9) | 0.6 | 13.0 (4.1-41.3) | 19.0 | <0.0001 | - | - | - |
Weighted proportions. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Sex comparison: males were used as the reference group.