Table 3. Association between healthy behaviors at age 50 in 2 categories and onset of frailty over a mean follow-up of 20 years.
| Healthy behaviors | N frail/N total | Frail % | Model 1*† | Model 2*‡ | Model 3*§ | Model 4‖ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | |||
| Noncurrent smoking | ||||||||||
| No | 83/777 | 10.68 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 362/5,580 | 6.49 | 0.56 (0.44–0.72) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.45–0.75) | <0.001 | 0.57 (0.44–0.73) | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.44–0.71) | <0.001 |
| Moderate alcohol consumption | ||||||||||
| No | 220/2,814 | 7.82 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 225/3,543 | 6.35 | 0.68 (0.56–0.82) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.57–0.84) | <0.001 | 0.71 (0.59–0.86) | 0.001 | 0.73 (0.61–0.88) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||
| No | 246/2,003 | 12.28 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 199/4,154 | 4.79 | 0.63 (0.51–0.78) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.52–0.79) | <0.001 | 0.66 (0.53–0.81) | <0.001 | 0.66 (0.54–0.81) | <0.001 |
| Fruits and vegetables consumption at least twice a day | ||||||||||
| No | 362/4,631 | 7.82 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 83/1,726 | 4.81 | 0.71 (0.56–0.92) | 0.01 | 0.74 (0.57–0.95) | 0.02 | 0.72 (0.55–0.94) | 0.02 | 0.76 (0.59–0.98) | 0.03 |
*Models 1, 2, and 3 were estimated for each healthy behavior separately.
†Model 1: age as a timescale, adjusted for sex, ethnicity, marital status, and wave of inclusion.
‡Model 2: model 1 additionally adjusted for education and occupational position.
§Model 3: model 2 additionally adjusted for the number of morbidities at age 50.
‖Model 4: model 3 additionally adjusted for all other healthy behaviors.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; ref, reference group