Table 2.
Multivariate Logistic Regression Models of Factors Associated With Intubation and In-hospital Mortality
| Intubation | Mortality | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P Value |
| Age, per year increase | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) | <.001 | ||
| White race | 1.00 (.58–1.72) | .99 | ||
| Obesity | 1.41 (.93–2.12) | .10 | ||
| Coronary artery disease | 1.48 (.79–2.78) | .22 | ||
| Congestive heart failure | 2.10 (.89–4.93) | .09 | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.24 (.54–2.86) | .61 | ||
| Hypertension | 0.74 (.41–1.33) | .31 | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 0.65 (.23–1.82) | .42 | ||
| Use of oral steroids as an outpatient | 1.86 (.84–4.12) | .13 | ||
| Days of symptoms prior to admission, per day increase | 0.97 (.92–1.02) | .23 | ||
| Symptoms on admission | ||||
| Fever | 1.37 (.87–2.17) | .18 | 1.38 (.77–2.46) | .28 |
| Cough | 0.64 (.36–1.13) | .12 | ||
| Dyspnea | 1.99 (1.20–3.30) | .008 | ||
| Headache | 0.56 (.16–1.97) | .37 | ||
| Myalgias | 1.24 (.60–2.58) | .56 | ||
| Nausea or vomiting | 0.50 (.21–1.19) | .12 | ||
| Altered mental status | 1.29 (.65–2.55) | .46 | ||
| Ageusia | 0.88 (.26–3.00) | .84 | ||
| Highest level of supplemental oxygen within 3 hours of arrival to the emergency department a | ||||
| None | Reference | |||
| Oxygen by nasal cannula | 3.79 (1.86–7.73) | <.001 | ||
| Oxygen by nonrebreather mask, high-flow nasal cannula, or noninvasive mechanical ventilation | 5.58 (2.50–12.46) | <.001 | ||
| Mechanical ventilation | 23.34 (6.29–86.51) | <.001 | ||
| Chest X-ray findings | ||||
| No infiltrates | Reference | Reference | ||
| Unilateral infiltrates | 1.72 (.30–9.84) | .54 | 4.36 (1.09–17.45) | .037 |
| Bilateral infiltrates | 9.94 (2.37–41.74) | .002 | 4.98 (1.47–16.94) | .01 |
| Viral load by nasopharyngeal swab | ||||
| Low viral load (Ct >30) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Medium viral load (Ct 25–30) | 1.59 (.96–2.63) | .07 | 2.06 (.98–4.34) | .058 |
| High viral load (Ct <25) | 2.73 (1.68–4.44) | <.001 | 6.05 (2.92–12.52) | <.001 |
Only variables that had a significant association with intubation or mortality in a univariate logistic regression model were included in the corresponding multivariate model. Empty cells indicate that the variable was not associated with the corresponding outcome in the univariate logistic regression model. Variables with statistically significant associations are in bold.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
aThis variable was analyzed as a risk factor for mortality but was not analyzed as a factor associated with intubation because 1 of the oxygen supplementation categories was mechanical ventilation.