Figure 3.

Mitochondria, outer membrane permeability, and apoptosis pathways. Apoptosis induced by coronavirus infection, including intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis. FasL = Fas ligand; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Antiapoptotic factors: Bcl-xL = Bcl-2-like protein 1; Bcl2 = B-cell lymphoma 2; Mcl1 = myeloid cell leukemia 1. Proapoptotic factors: PUMA = p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis; BAD = Bcl2-associated agonist of cell death; BAX = Bcl2-associated X; BIM = Bcl2-interacting mediator of cell death; APAF1 = apoptotic peptidase-activating factor 1; Casp = caspase; FADD = Fas-associated via death domain; AKT = RAC-alpha serine/threonine protein kinase; IL = interleukin; IRFs = interferon regulatory factors; MAVS = mitochondrial antiviral-signaling proteins; NF-κB = nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; RIG-I = retinoic acid-inducible gene I; SARS = severe acute respiratory syndrome (70).