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. 2020 Jul 1;22(9):1646–1649. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa121

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© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved.For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

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Figure 1. — Number of smokers versus COVID-19 cases in European nations. All variables were transformed to natural logarithms. COVID-19 cases per million people was adjusted for the influence of other confounding factors and standardized against standardized number of smokers per million people. The partial correlation coefficient is −0.576 (p < 0.001) with a 95% confidence interval (−0.761, −0.306), very similar to the simple Pearson correlation coefficient −0.575 (p < 0.001) with a 95% CI (−0.756, −0.313), indicating that the confounding factors controlled for did not distort the simple linear association that had been detected, either because these confounding factors are uncorrelated with the smoking prevalence rate or have an offseting impact on the COVID-19 prevalence when the smoking rate was correlated with the confounding factors. Smoking prevalence was negatively correlated with the rate of COVID-19 testing but was positively correlated with Max Stringency-Index.