Table 3.
Organ support, ICU treatment and adverse events within the first seven days of the ICU stay.
| ICU Outcome Only | ICU survivor | ICU non-survivor | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 398 | n = 301 | n = 97 | ||
| Organ support | ||||
| Maximal respiratory support | <0·001 | |||
| Mask | 74 (19·9) | 66 (21·9) | 8 (8·2) | |
| High flow oxygen therapy | 10 (2·5) | 10 (3·3) | 0 (0·0) | |
| NIV | 12 (3·2) | 9 (3·0) | 3 (3·1) | |
| Mechanical ventilation | 274 (68·8) | 188 (62·5) | 86 (88·7) | |
| Lowest P/F ratio in initial 7 days, mmHg | 110 [80 - 148] | 113 [84 - 153] | 94 [71 - 127] | 0·001 |
| Worst ARDS classification in initial 7 days | 0·372 | |||
| Mild | 6 (1·5) | 5 (16·6) | 1 (1·0) | |
| Moderate | 131 (32·9) | 94 (31·2) | 37 (38·1) | |
| Severe | 131 (32·9) | 83 (27·6) | 48 (49·5) | |
| Need for vasopressors | 236 (68·8) | 161 (53·5) | 75 (77·3) | 0·001 |
| Highest norepinephrine levels in initial 7 days, µg kg−1 min−1 | 0·03 [0 - 0·14] | 0·02 [0 - 0·10] | 0·12 [0·02 - 0·27] | <0·001 |
| Hemodialysis | 54 (13·6) | 34 (11·3) | 20 (20·6) | 0·031 |
| Rescue therapies | ||||
| Prone positioning | 189 (47·5) | 129 (42·9) | 60 (61·9) | 0·002 |
| Extracorporeal CO2 removal | 28 (7·0) | 20 (6·6) | 8 (8·2) | 0·758 |
| ECMO | 11 (2·8) | 7 (2·3) | 4 (4·1) | 0·560 |
| Inhaled nitric oxide | 6 (1·5) | 3 (1·0) | 3 (3·1) | 0·320 |
| Adverse events | ||||
| ARDS | 293 (73·6) | 203 (67·4) | 90 (92·8) | <0·001 |
| Acute kidney injury | 114 (28·6) | 62 (20·6) | 52 (53·6) | <0·001 |
| Hemodynamic shock | 92 (23·1) | 42 (14·0) | 50 (51·5) | <0·001 |
| Acute cardiac injury | 23 (5·8) | 9 (3·0) | 14 (14·4) | <0·001 |
| Bacteraemia* | 66 (16·6) | 46 (15·3) | 20 (20·6) | 0·284 |
| Fungaemia* | 8 (2·0) | 5 (1·7) | 3 (3·1) | 0·647 |
| Off-label and compassionate use therapies | ||||
| No experimental therapies | 133 (33·4) | 102 (33·9) | 31 (32·0) | 0·726 |
| Chloroquine/ Hydroxychloroquine | 236 (59·3) | 178 (59·1) | 58 (59·8) | 1·000 |
| Lopinavir/ Ritonavir | 112 (28·1) | 85 (28·2) | 27 (27·8) | 1·000 |
| Corticosteroids | 66 (16·6) | 43 (14·3) | 23 (23·7) | 0·044 |
| Tocilizumab | 71 (17·8) | 59 (19·6) | 12 (12·4) | 0·143 |
| Remdesivir | 23 (5·8) | 18 (6·0) | 5 (5·2) | 0·958 |
| Other Antivirals | 26 (6·5) | 21 (7·0) | 5 (5·2) | 0·693 |
| Interferon therapy | 8 (2·0) | 4 (1·3) | 4 (4·1) | 0·197 |
| Extracorporeal cytokine adsorption and plasma exchange therapy | 4 (1·0) | 0 (0·0) | 4 (4·1) | 0·003 |
| Intravenous IgG | 1 (0·3) | 1 (0·3) | 0 (0·0) | 1·000 |
| Number of simultaneous experimental therapies | 2 [1 - 3] | 2 [1 - 3] | 2 [1 - 3] | 0·858 |
| Simultaneous use of off-label therapies | 0·869 | |||
| 1 off-label therapy | 105 (26·4) | 79 (26·2) | 26 (26·8) | |
| 2 off-label therapies | 77 (19·3) | 59 (19·6) | 18 (18·6) | |
| 3 off-label therapies | 49 (12·3) | 35 (11·6) | 14 (14·4) | |
| >3 off-label therapies | 34 (8·5) | 26 (8·6) | 8 (8·2) | |
| Treatment withdrawal and length of stay | ||||
| Withdrawal of life supporting therapies | 73 (18·3) | 0 (0·0) | 73 (72·3) | <0·001 |
| ICU length of stay, days | 12 [5 - 21] | 12 [5 - 21] | 12 [5 - 21] | 0·782 |
Values are given as median [IQR] or count (percent) as appropriate. NIV, non-invasive ventilation; P/F ratio, PaO2/ FiO2 ratio; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IgG, Immunoglobulin G; ICU, intensive care unit. *59 (86·7%) and 7 (87·5%) of all bacterial and fungal bloodstream infections developed in patients with off-label therapies.