Table 2.
Associated factors of low‐level viraemia among children living with HIV who were stable on first‐line combination antiretroviral treatment
| Characteristics a | Univariable analysis b | Multivariable analysis b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude IRR (95% CI) | p | Adjusted IRR (95% CI) | p | |
| Age | 0.67 | |||
| <12 years | Reference | |||
| 12 to 14.9 years | 0.84 (0.55 to 1.27) | |||
| ≥15 years | 1.07 (0.52 to 2.18) | |||
| Sex | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Male | Reference | Reference | ||
| Female | 1.56 (1.13 to 2.15) | 1.80 (1.29 to 2.52) | ||
| Country of residence | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Thailand | 2.58 (0.82 to 8.09) | 1.53 (0.47 to 4.91) | ||
| Malaysia | 7.04 (2.04 to 24.31) | 6.85 (1.92 to 24.46) | ||
| Cambodia | Reference | Reference | ||
| Primary caregivers | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| One or both biological parents | Reference | Reference | ||
| Grandparents | 1.18 (0.76 to 1.84) | 1.38 (0.87 to 2.20) | ||
| Other family members | 2.60 (1.75 to 3.88) | 2.99 (1.95 to 4.58) | ||
| Foster care | 1.64 (0.59 to 4.59) | 1.63 (0.57 to 4.62) | ||
| Other non‐relatives | 1.19 (0.65 to 2.15) | 1.34 (0.72 to 2.48) | ||
| Disclosure of HIV status | 0.83 | |||
| Yes | 0.95 (0.62 to 1.46) | |||
| No | Reference | |||
| Unknown | 1.12 (0.74 to 1.69) | |||
| Weight for age z‐score | 0.01 | 0.05 | ||
| < −2.5 | Reference | Reference | ||
| −2.5 to −1.5 | 0.42 (0.25 to 0.69) | 0.48 (0.29 to 0.80) | ||
| ≥ −1.5 | 0.50 (0.31 to 0.80) | 0.65 (0.40 to 1.05) | ||
| Unknown | 0.30 (0.07 to 1.26) | 0.42 (0.09 to 1.83) | ||
| Height for age z‐score | 0.24 | |||
| < −2.5 | Reference | |||
| −2.5 to −1.5 | 0.76 (0.50 to 1.18) | |||
| ≥ −1.5 | 1.10 (0.76 to 1.59) | |||
| Unknown | 0.57 (0.14 to 2.35) | |||
| WHO clinical stage at cART initiation | 0.28 | |||
| Stage 1 to 2 | Reference | |||
| Stage 3 | 0.94 (0.61 to 1.43) | |||
| Stage 4 | 0.95 (0.65 to 1.37) | |||
| No event documented | 0.59 (0.34 to 1.04) | |||
| CD4 T‐cell percentage | 0.008 | 0.001 | ||
| < 25% | 1.57 (1.15 to 2.15) | 1.69 (1.22 to 2.35) | ||
| ≥ 25% | Reference | Reference | ||
| Unknown | 0.58 (0.14 to 2.36) | 0.42 (0.10 to 1.78) | ||
| Current cART regimen | 0.03 | 0.08 | ||
| NNRTI‐based | Reference | Reference | ||
| PI/r‐based | 2.35 (1.20 to 4.60) | 2.04 (0.97 to 4.30) | ||
| Period of cART initiation | 0.58 | |||
| <2005 | Reference | |||
| 2005 to 2007 | 0.80 (0.55 to 1.16) | |||
| 2008 to 2001 | 0.86 (0.53 to 1.39) | |||
| 2012 to 2016 | 0.70 (0.28 to 1.72) | |||
cART, combination antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; IRR, incidence rate ratio; NNRTI, non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI/r, protease inhibitor‐boosted with ritonavir; WHO, World Health Organization.
a
Characteristics were evaluated at baseline, unless otherwise specified
b
The analyses were performed using Poisson regression models.