Table 4.

Predictors of virological failure among children living with HIV who were stable on first‐line combination antiretroviral treatment

Characteristics a	Univariable analysis b		Multivariable analysis b
	Crude HR (95% CI)	p	Adjusted HR (95% CI)	p
LLV experience		<0.001		<0.001
Sustained virologic suppression	Reference		Reference
Ever experienced LLV	2.86 (1.90 to 4.28)		3.01 (1.97 to 4.60)
Age		0.046		0.03
<12 years	Reference		Reference
12 to 14.9 years	1.59 (1.04 to 2.48)		1.69 (1.08 to 2.66)
≥15 years	2.02 (0.97 to 4.22)		2.20 (1.02 to 4.76)
Sex		0.15
Male	Reference
Female	1.30 (0.90 to 1.92)
Country of residence		0.003		0.07
Thailand	2.41 (0.59 to 8.87)		1.92 (0.46 to 8.07)
Malaysia	8.04 (1.76 to 36.73)		4.47 (0.94 to 21.3)
Cambodia	Reference		Reference
WHO clinical stage at cART initiation		0.76
Stage 1 to 2	Reference
Stage 3	1.18 (0.72 to 1.94)
Stage 4	0.90 (0.56 to 1.43)
No event documented	0.90 (0.50 to 1.60)
CD4 T‐cell percentage		0.001		0.002
<25%	1.84 (1.25 to 2.71)		1.90 (1.27 to 2.85)
≥25%	Reference		Reference
Unknown	3.50 (1.48 to 8.26)		2.82 (1.14 to 7.01)
Current cART regimen		0.03		0.10
NNRTI‐based	Reference		Reference
PI/r‐based	2.84 (1.24 to 6.52)		2.26 (0.94 to 5.44)
Period of cART initiation		0.09		0.28
<2005	Reference		Reference
2005 to 2007	0.94 (0.58 to 1.53)		1.13 (0.66 to 1.94)
2008 to 2011	1.81 (1.08 to 3.04)		1.71 (0.97 to 3.03)
2012 to 2016	0.79 (0.24 to 2.60)		0.83 (0.24 to 2.81)

cART, combination antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; LLV, low‐level viraemia; NNRTI, non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI/r, protease inhibitor‐boosted with ritonavir; WHO, World Health Organization.

^aCharacteristics were evaluated at baseline, unless otherwise specified

^bThe analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazards models.