Table 1.
Summary of characteristics of the included studies
| Author [Reference] | Year | Region | Study population | Male% | Assessment | STROBE score | sampling method | Cut off | Outcomes (sample size) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression % (n) | Anxiety % (n) | Stress % (n) | |||||||||
| A Moghanibashi-Mansourieh [21] | 2020 | Iran | 10,754 | 34.2% | DASS-21 | 28 | online survey | A > 7 | N.A. | 50.9% (5472) | N.A. |
| MZ Ahmed.et al. [22] | 2020 | China | 1074 | 53.2% | BAI BDI-II | 23 | online survey | ≥8 ≥ 14 | 37.1% (399) | 29% (312) | N.A. |
| C Wang.et al. [23] | 2020 | China | 1210 | 32.7% | DASS-21 | 22 | online survey | A > 7 D > 9 S > 10 | 30.3% (367) | 36.4% (440) | 32.1% (389) |
| W Cao.et al. [24] | 2020 | China | 7143 | 30.35% | GAD-7 | 20 | cluster sampling | ≥5 | N.A. | 24.9% (1776) | N.A. |
| Y Huang. et al. [25] | 2020 | China | 7236 | 45.4% | GAD-7 CES-D | 18 | web-based survey | ≥9 ≥ 28 | 20.1% (1454) | 35.1% (2540) | N.A. |
| M Ueda. et al. [26] | 2020 | Japan | 1000 | 49.6% | GAD-7 PHQ-9 | 25 | online survey | ≥10 ≥ 10 | 43.1% (431) | 33.2% (332) | N.A. |
| D Liu.et al. [27] | 2020 | China | 14,592 | 31.6% | GAD-7 PHQ-9 | 26 | online survey | N.A. | 53.5% (7503) | 44.6% (6196) | N.A. |
| SJ Zhou .et al. [23] | 2020 | China | 8079 | 46.5% | GAD-7 PHQ-9 | 26 | online survey | > 4 > 4 | 43.7% (3533) | 37.4% (3020) | N.A. |
| A Sigdel. et al. [28] | 2020 | Nepal | 349 | 54.2% | GAD-7 PHQ-9 | 29 | online survey | ≥10 ≥ 10 | 34% (119) | 31% (109) | N.A. |
| SSH Kazmi. et al. [29] | 2020 | India | 1000 | 38% | DASS-21 | 19 | online survey | A > 7 D > 9 S > 10 | 38.9% (389) | 43% (430) | 35.7% (357) |
| N Othman. et al. [30] | 2020 | Iraq | 548 | 49.6% | DASS-21 | 19 | online survey | A > 7 D > 9 S > 10 | 44.9% (246) | 47.1% (258) | 17.5% (96) |
| Y Wang. et al. [31] | 2020 | China | 600 | 44.5% | SAS SDS | 19 | online survey | ≥50 ≥ 50 | 17.17% (103) | 6.33% (38) | N.A. |
| M Qian. et al. [32] | 2020 | China | 1011 | 50.44% | GAD-7 | 28 | elephone survey via random digital dialing | ≥10 | N.A. | 26.6% (269) | N.A. |
| M Shevlin. et al. [33] | 2020 | UK | 2025 | 48% | GAD-7 PHQ-9 | 22 | online survey (quota sampling) | ≥10 ≥ 10 | 22.12% (448) | 21.63% (438) | N.A. |
| P Odriozola-González. et al. [34] | 2020 | Spain | 3550 | 35.1% | DASS-21 | 24 | social media | A > 6 D > 9 S > 10 | 44.1% (1566) | 32.4% (1150) | 37% (1314) |
| SF Agberotimi. et al. [35] | 2020 | Nigeria | 502 | 53.6% | GAD-7 PHQ-9 | 29 | Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) technique and Random Survey Sampling (RSS) | > 5 ≥ 10 | 23.5% (118) | 49.6% (249) | N.A. |
| C Mazza. et al. [36] | 2020 | Italy | 2766 | 28.3% | DASS-21 | 27 | online survey | A > 6 D > 9 S > 10 | 32.8% (906) | 18.7% (517) | 27.2% (752) |
DASS-21 The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, GAD-7 Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item, PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire, SAS Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, SDS Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, BAI the Beck Anxiety Inventory, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale