Table 2:
Demographics, EMS Encounter, Vital Signs, and EMS-Administered Medications and Procedures for EMSTARS patients < 1 day and ≤ 18 years, 2011–2016
| Variable | Overall N=446,274 | Missing | Closest Facility N=208,323 | Other^ N=237,951 | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient Demographics | |||||
| Gender – Male | 217,545 (48.8%) | 259 (<1%) | 102,546 (47.1%) | 114,999 (52.9%) | < 0.0001 |
| Race | 36,847 (8.3%) | ||||
| White | 194,674 (43.6%) | 92,404 (44.3%) | 102,270 (43.0%) | < 0.00011 | |
| Black or African American | 143,090 (32%) | 63,666 (30.6%) | 79,424 (33.4%) | ||
| Other2 | 71,663 (16.1%) | 34,698 (16.7%) | 36,965 (15.5%) | ||
| Ethnicity – Not Hispanic or Latino3 | 291,462 (65.3%) | 89,567 (20.1%) | 135,699 (65.1%) | 155,763 (65.5%) | 0.024 |
| Age in years, Median (IQR) | 11 (3–16) | 0 | 12 (4–16) | 10 (3–16) | < 0.0001 |
| Age < 5 years | 133,966 (30.0%) | 0 | 57,374 (27.5%) | 76,592 (32.2%) | < 0.0001 |
| Age < 10 years | 199,299 (44.7%) | 0 | 86,972 (41.7%) | 112,327 (47.2%) | < 0.0001 |
| Age < 15 years | 260,921 (58.5%) | 0 | 115,513 (55.4%) | 145,408 (61.1%) | < 0.0001 |
| EMS Encounter Characteristics | |||||
| Incident at Home / Residence4 | 202,768 (45.4%) | 21,712 (4.9%) | 87,630 (42.1%) | 115,138 (48.4%) | < 0.0001 |
| EMS Response Mode to Scene: Lights and Sirens5 | 360,274 (79.0%) | 0 | 165,119 (79.3%) | 195,155 (82.0%) | < 0.0001 |
| EMS Transport Mode from Scene: Lights and Sirens5 | 177,762 (39.8%) | 0 | 82,492 (39.6%) | 95,270 (40.0%) | 0.0028 |
| Time Intervals in Minutes6 Median (IQR) | |||||
| EMS Arrival | 5.8 (4 – 8.1) | 803 (<1%) | 5 (3.8 – 8) | 6 (4 – 9) | < 0.0001 |
| Scene | 12 (8 – 16) | 911 (<1%) | 12 (8 – 16) | 12 (8 – 16) | 0.27 |
| Transport | 13 (8.3 – 20) | 428 (<1%) | 11.3 (7.8 – 17) | 15 (9.5 – 23) | < 0.0001 |
| ED Turnaround | 19 (13 – 27) | 1023 (<1%) | 19 (12.7 – 26) | 20 (13.7 – 28) | < 0.0001 |
| Possible Injury – Yes | 130,369 (29.2%) | 259 (<1%) | 62,042 (29.8%) | 68,327 (28.7%) | < 0.0001 |
| Vital Sign7 | |||||
| Heart Rate (Mean (SD)) | 109.5 (28.9) | 4,353 (<1%) | 107.8 (28.5) | 110.9 (29.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Tachycardia | 138,600 (31.1%) | 63,118 (30.3%) | 75,482 (31.7%) | < 0.0001 | |
| Respiratory Rate (Mean (SD)) | 22.2 (9.9) | 11,226 (2.5%) | 21.9 (10.1) | 22.5 (9.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Tachypnea | 75,415 (16.9%) | 34,209 (16.4%) | 41,206 (17.3%) | < 0.0001 | |
| Pulse Oximetry (Median (IQR)) | 99 (98–100) | 41,553 (9.3%) | 99 (98–100) | 99 (98–100) | < 0.0001 |
| Glasgow Coma Score (Median (IQR)) | 15 (15–15) | 31,206 (7%) | 15 (15–15) | 15 (15–15) | < 0.0001 |
| <15 | 59,712 (13.4%) | 26,487 (12.7%) | 33,225 (14.0%) | < 0.0001 | |
| <14 | 46,428 (10.4%) | 20,133 (9.7%) | 26,295 (11.1%) | < 0.0001 | |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (Mean (SD)) | 119.2 (21.8) | 65,650 (14.7%) | 119.8 (21.1) | 118.7 (22.4) | < 0.0001 |
| <90 | 16,086 (3.6%) | 6,765 (3.2%) | 9,321 (3.9%) | < 0.0001 | |
| <80 | 7,634 (1.7%) | 3,098 (1.5%) | 4,536 (1.9%) | < 0.0001 | |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (Mean (SD)) | 74.5 (16) | 77,543 (17.4%) | 74.9 (15.4) | 74.1 (16.4) | < 0.0001 |
| <40 | 5,518 (1.2%) | 2,142 (1.0%) | 3,376 (1.4%) | < 0.0001 | |
| <30 | 4,042 (1.0%) | 1,495 (<1%) | 2,547 (1.1%) | < 0.0001 | |
| EMS-Administered Medications & Procedures8 | |||||
| Airway Procedure | 4,945 (1.1%) | n/a | 2,454 (1.2%) | 2,491 (1.0%) | < 0.0001 |
| Other Critical Procedure | 5207 (1.2%) | n/a | 2,760 (1.3%) | 2,447 (1.0%) | < 0.0001 |
| Contact Medical Control | 831 (<1%) | n/a | 58 (<1%) | 773 (<1%) | < 0.0001 |
| Resuscitation Medication | 3846 (<1%) | n/a | 2,242 (1.1%) | 1,604 (<1%) | < 0.0001 |
| Nebulized Medication | 12,016 (2.7%) | n/a | 5,353 (2.6%) | 6,663 (2.8%) | < 0.0001 |
| Benzodiazepine | 2,445 (<1%) | n/a | 1,208 (<1%) | 1,237 (<1%) | 0.0067 |
| Oxygen | 68,105 (15.3%) | n/a | 29,175 (14.0%) | 38,930 (16.4%) | < 0.0001 |
| Fluids | 15,605 (3.5%) | n/a | 6,126 (2.9%) | 9,479 (4.0%) | < 0.0001 |
| Dextrose | 636 (<1%) | n/a | 297 (<1%) | 339 (<1%) | 0.99 |
| Pain Medication | 6,240 (1.4%) | n/a | 2,582 (1.2%) | 3,658 (1.5%) | < 0.0001 |
Denotes all other destination choices besides closest facility as per Table 1, includes ‘Not Known, Not Applicable, and Not Recorded’
Chi Square test performed as White vs all others
Other includes American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and Other Race
Chi Square test performed as Not Hispanic or Latino vs Hispanic or Latino
Other includes: Bathtub, Bucket, Farm, Forest/Trail/Wilderness, Health Care Facility, Industrial Place and Premises, Lake/River/Ocean, Mine or Quarry, Other, Place of Recreation or Sport, Pool, Public Building, Railroad, Residential Institution, Spa, Street or Highway, Trade or service
Chi Square test done as lights and sirens versus all other modes of response/transport
EMS Arrival = Time from EMS unit en route to scene arrival, Scene = Time from EMS scene arrival to EMS scene departure, Transport = Time from EMS scene departure to EMS emergency department (ED) arrival, Turnaround = Time from EMS ED arrival to EMS unit back in service, Total = Time from EMS notification by dispatch to EMS unit back in service
Negative time intervals were treated as errors and classified as missing
Created specific for study using PALS 2019 as a reference
See online Supplement e1 for list of included medications and procedures