Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| No. | Author | Study area (years of the survey) | Study design | Method for malaria detection | Plasmodium sp. | Severe Pf infection (%) | Total malaria | Mixed infection of Plasmodium spp. | Number of mixed infection (%) | Severe mixed infection (%) | Complications of mixed infections |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chaparro et al.15 |
Colombia Data from SIVIGILA 2010 |
Descriptive study |
Microscopy RDT |
P. falciparum 32,777 P. vivax 82,856 P.malariae 47 |
282 (0.86) | 117,108 | Pf/Pv | 1,428 (1.22) | 32 (2.24) |
Cerebral malaria = 6 Renal impairment = 10 Jaundice = 14 Pulmonary = 1 Unreported = 1 |
| 2 | Chaparro‑Narváez et al.16 |
Colombia (2007–2013) Data from SIVIGILA |
Descriptive study |
Microscopy RDT |
P. falciparum 150,026 P. vivax 390,944 |
1,274 (0.85) | 547,542 | Pf/Pv | 6,570 (1.2) | 153 (2.32) |
Jaundice = 11 Convulsions = 15 Cerebral malaria = 24 Severe anemia = 20 Bleeding/DIC = 10 Shock = 6 Pulmonary = 15 |
| 3 | Dayanand et al.17 | India (2013–2016) | Descriptive study | Microscopy |
P. falciparum 2,456 P. vivax 15,334 |
10 (0.41) | 18,936 | Pf/Pv | 1,146 (6.05) | 7 (0.61) |
Impaired consciousness = 6 Renal impairment = 5 Pulmonary = 6 Hemoglobinuria = 2 Shock = 2 Multi-organ dysfunction = 6 |
| 4 | Devineni et al.18 | India (2014–2015) | Prospective study |
Microscopy RDT |
P. falciparum 62 P. vivax 114 |
NA | 180 | Pf/Pv | 4 (2.22) | 4 (100) |
Renal impairment = 4 Pulmonary = 4 Bleeding/DIC = 2 Impaired consciousness = 4 Hyperparasitemia = 4 Hypoglycemia = 2 Death = 4 |
| 5 | Genton et al.19 |
Papua New Guinea (1997–2004) |
Prospective cohort study | Microscopy |
P. falciparum 6,886 P. vivax 1,946 P.malariae 328 P.ovale 27 |
261 (3.79) | 9,537 | Pf/Pv | 350 (3.67) | 24 (6.86) |
Pulmonary = 14 Impaired consciousness = 2 Severe anemia = 7 |
| 6 | Hermansyah et al.20 | Indonesia (2011–2013) | Descriptive study |
Microscopy RDT PCR |
P. falciparum 8 P. vivax 12 (severe only) |
NA | 29 | Pf/Pv | 9 (NA) | 3 (33.3) |
Cerebral malaria = 2 Convulsion = 1 |
| 7 | Kochar et al.21 | India (2007–2008) | Prospective study |
Microscopy RDT PCR |
P. falciparum 555 P. vivax 485 |
274 (44.5) | 1,123 | Pf/Pv | 83 (7.4) | 44 (53) |
Cerebral malaria = 5 Severe anemia = 17 Jaundice = 25 Renal impairment = 6 |
| 8 | Kochar et al.22 | India (2007–2008) | Prospective study |
Microscopy RDT PCR |
P. falciparum 185 P. vivax 103 |
79 (42.7) | 303 | Pf/Pv | 15 (4.95) | 2 (13.3) |
Severe anemia = 1 Multiorgan Dysfunction = 1 |
| 9 | Laman et al.23 |
Papua New Guinea |
Descriptive observational study | Microscopy |
P. falciparum 78 P. vivax 3 |
58 (74.3) | 87 | Pf/Pv | 6 (6.9) | 4 (66.7) |
Cerebral malaria = 1 Convulsion = 1 Severe anemia = 2 |
| 10 | Langford et al.24 | Indonesia (2004–2013) | Descriptive study | Microscopy |
P. falciparum 100,078 P. vivax 65,306 P. ovale 120 P. malariae 5,097 |
6,361 (6.36) | 196,380 |
Pf/Pm 148 Pv/Pm 93 (No data on other mixed species) |
25,779 (13.1) | 1,666 (6.46) |
Renal impairment = 84 Pulmonary = 343 Severe anemia = 1,239 |
| 11 | Limaye et al.25 | India (2009) | Retrospective observational study |
Microscopy RDT |
P. falciparum 206 P. vivax 338 |
64 (31) | 680 | Pf/Pv | 136 (20) | 14 (10.3) |
Cerebral malaria = 22 Severe anemia = 16 Renal impairment = 14 Pulmonary = 12 Jaundice = 54 Shock = 1 Death = 14 |
| 12 | Medina-Morales et al.26 | Colombia (2013) | Descriptive cross-sectional study | Microscopy |
P. falciparum 17 P. vivax 313 |
3 (17.6) | 349 | Pf/Pv | 19 (5.4) | 3 (15.8) |
Pulmonary = 2 Severe anemia = 1 |
| 13 | Mittal et al.27 | India (2011) | Descriptive study |
Microscopy RDT |
P. falciparum 66 P. vivax 128 |
52 (78.8) | 198 | Pf/Pv | 4 (2) | 4 (100) |
Cerebral malaria = 1 Severe anemia = 1 More than 1 complications = 2 |
| 14 | Mohapatra et al.28 | India (2007–2009) | Prospective study |
Microscopy RDT |
P. falciparum 770 | 440 (57.1) | 888 | Pf/Pv | 118 (13.3) | 21 (17.8) |
Cerebral malaria = 4 Jaundice = 2 Severe anemia = 8 More than 1 complications = 7 |
| 15 | Nayak et al.29 | India (2010–2011) | Prospective study |
Microscopy RDT PCR |
P. falciparum 147 P. vivax 459 |
68 (46.3) | 642 | Pf/Pv | 36 (5.6) | 12 (33.3) |
Severe anemia = 3 Pulmonary = 6 Cerebral malaria = 1 Hypoglycemia = 1 Renal impairment = 1 Bleeding = 5 More than 1 complications = 3 |
| 16 | Punnath et al.30 | India (2013–2015) | Descriptive cross-sectional study | Microscopy |
P. falciparum 150 P. vivax 364 |
23 (15.3) | 579 | Pf/Pv | 65 (11.2) | 13 (20) |
Shock = 3 Pulmonary = 2 Renal impairment = 1 Jaundice = 4 Severe anemia = 5 Cerebral malaria = 1 More than 1 complications = 9 |
| Total |
India = 9/16 (56.3%) Colombia = 3/16 (18.8%) Papua New Guinea = 2/16 (12.5%) Indonesia = 2/16 (12.5%) |
Descriptive study = 9/16 (56.3%) Prospective study = 6/16 (37.5%) Retrospective observational study = 1/16 (6.3%) |
Microscopy alone = 6/16 (37.5%) Microscopy with other technique = 8/16 (50%) |
P. falciparum 294,397 (32.9%) P. vivax 558,705 (62.5%) P. malariae 5,472 (0.6%) P. ovale 147 (0.02%) |
9,222 (3.13) | 894,561 | 35,768 (4) | 2,006 (6.7) |
Cerebral malaria/impaired consciousness = 79 (3.94%) Renal impairment = 125 (6.23%) Jaundice = 110 (5.48%) Pulmonary = 420 (20.9%) Convulsions = 17 (0.85%) Severe anemia = 1,320 (65.8%) Bleeding/DIC = 17 (0.85%) Shock = 12 (0.6%) Hyperparasitemia = 4 (0.2%) Hypoglycemia = 3 (0.15%) Death = 18 (0.9%) More than 1 complications = 27 (13.1%) |