FIGURE 1.

Method for monitoring respiratory and pulse rates. A modified olfactory stimulator was used when monitoring respiration (Masaoka et al., 2014a). (A) Briefly, the participant wears a nose mask with a pressure sensor and one-way valve apparatus in the scanner. Airflow is regulated using compressed O₂ and sent from the control room via a urethane tube. The respiratory rate is calculated from the pressure signals. (B) Photograph of a participant wearing a nose mask in the MRI scanner room. (C) The pressure signal with the inspiratory and expiratory flow, which is converted from an analog to a digital signal, is sent via a control box to the connection box and stored together with the cardiac output and the fMRI signals in LabChart through PowerLab.