Table 1.

Drugs used for arthritis. Conventional Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)

S.No	Pharmacological Activity	Type of Study	No. of Participants	Findings
1	Antiviral (Anti-HIV)	Pilot study [15]	51	Undetectable viral load noted in 41 patients and less than 1000 copies/ml of viral load in 10 patients. CD4 count of all participants has been increased.
2	Antiviral (Anti-HIV)	Pilot study [16]	6	Undetectable viral load (HIV-RNA) in all patients. Increased body weight Increased CD4 count.
3	Antiviral (Anti-HIV)	Case report [17]	1	Complete seroreversion. Normal CD4 count.
4	Antiviral (Anti-HIV)	Case report [18]	1	Sustained seroreversion. CD4 count not less than 750 cells/μL.
5	Antiviral (Anti-HCV)	Pilot study [19]	30	Significant decrease in viral load. Increased Total Antioxidant Capacity (TCA). Improved laboratory biomarkers such as total protein, red blood cell, and platelet count. Decreased fasting blood glucose and postprandial glucose in both diabetic and non-diabetic HCV patients. Reduced lower-limb edema
6	Antiviral (Anti-HCV)	Pilot study [20]	60	Significant decrease in viral load. Augmentation of α-femiddlerotein and other liver function parameters.
7	Antiviral (Anti-HCV)	Pilot study [21]	195	Negative HCV-RNA
8	Antioxidant	Randomized controlled clinical trial [30]	50	Significant raise of levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD).
9	Antioxidant	Placebo controlled participant blinded clinical trial [31]	114	Significant elevation of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione levels.
10	Antioxidant	Pilot study [32]	30	Significant reduction of plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). Increased activity of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase.
11	Anti-inflammatory	Placebo controlled study [39]	40	Improvement in number of inflamed joints, incidence of morning stiffness, and disease activity score.
12	Anti-inflammatory	Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial [40]	42	Significant decrease in the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO).
13	Anti-inflammatory	Randomized double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial [41]	90	Significant reduction of systemic inflammatory biomarkers including Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP).
14	Anti-inflammatory	Randomized double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial [42]	43	Significant reduction of serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO).
15	Anti-inflammatory	Randomized double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial [43]	96	Significant reduction of serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA).
16	Immunomodulatory	Pilot study [47]	24	Significant raise of CD8 counts and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN). Improved clinical symptoms.
17	Immunomodulatory	Randomized double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial [48]	43	Decreased CD8+ and increased percentage of CD4+CD25+ and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+.
18	Anticoagulant	Randomized double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial [51]	94	Significant increase in Partial thromboplastin time (PTT). Significant reduction of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, means arterial pressure, and heart rate.
19	Bronchodilatory	Randomized double blind clinical trial [54]	15	Short significant increase in peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), maximal expiratory flow (MEF), maximal mid expiratory flow (MMEF), and specific airway conductance.
20	Bronchodilatory	Randomized single-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial [55]	73	Significant improvements in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), serum interferon-γ, and asthma control test (ACT) score. Significant reduction of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE).
21	Antihistaminic	Randomized single-blind clinical trial [56]	20	Significant reduction of seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms score.
22	Antihistaminic	Randomized single-blind uncontrolled comparative clinical trial [57]	47	Significant reduction of daytime and ophthalmic symptoms and total eosinophil count comparable to montelukast.
23	Antihistaminic	Randomized double blind clinical trial [58]	66	Reduction of clinical symptoms such as nasal itching, rhinorrhea, sneezing attacks, nasal congestion, turbinate hypertrophy and mucosal pallor.
24	Antihistaminic	Pilot study [59]	68	Relief of symptoms of allergic rhinitis.