Table 2.

Effects of gold compounds on adaptive immune system.

Gold compounds	Mechanism of action	Cell or animal models	Reference
Auranofin	Stimulates T effector and T suppressor lymphocytes	C57BI mice	Walz and Griswold, 1978
	Inhibits MHC class I and MHC class II	DC2.4 cells, BM-derived DCs	Han et al., 2008a
Au (III) pincer-type complexes	Insert DNA and interfere with the cell cycle	A549, A375, and LS-174 cells	Radisavljevic et al., 2018
Dicarbene gold(I) complex	Forms stable adducts with Tel 23 DNA G-quadruplex		Bazzicalupi et al., 2016
GST	Activates B cell and antibody (IgE, IgG, IgM) production	BALBc, CsH, C57BI, AKR mice	Measel, 1975; Havarinasab et al., 2007
	Stimulates T effector and T suppressor lymphocytes	C57BI mice	Walz and Griswold, 1978
	Low dose promotes MHC II, but high dose inhibits MHC II	human monocytes	Sanders et al., 1987
Aurothiopropanolsulfonate	Enhances the antigen-specific IgE immune response	Brown-Norway (BN) rats	Kermarrec et al., 1996
HAuCl4	Activates CD4+T and CD8+T cell, and promotes release of IFN-γ	BN rats	Savignac et al., 2001
Gold nanoparticles	Promotes the immunogenicity of antigens, DC maturation, TLR9 expression, memory CD8+T cells activation, MHC II and CD 86 expression	BMDCs, and RAW264.7, GMK-AH1, JAWSII cells	Niikura et al., 2013; Orlowski et al., 2018

MHC, major histocompatibility complex; DC, dendritic cell; GST, gold sodium thiomalate; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; TLR, toll-like receptor.