Table 1.

Summary of the efficiency of various hybrid materials.

Hybrid material	Toxic substances	Sorption capacity	References
CNTs-Sb	Pb2+, Cd2+	37.50 ng/g, 0.34 μg/g	(Ashrafi et al., 2014)
CNTs-AgOH	${\text{UO}}_2^{2+}$	140 mg/g	(Zare et al., 2015)
CNTs sheets	Pb2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cu2+	117.65, 92.59, 85.74, 74.63, 64.93 mg/g	(Tofighy and Mohammadi, 2011)
CNTs-Ni	Methylene blue	312 mg/g	(Jin et al., 2018)
CNTs-SiO2/Al2O3	NaCl	6.5 mg/g	(Santos et al., 2018)
CNFs-Fe2O3, CNTs-Fe2O3	Phenol	1.684, 2.778 mg/g	(Asmaly et al., 2015)
CNTs-Cu-BDC MOFs	Bisphenol A	164.1 mg/g	(Ahsan et al., 2019)
BN/rCNT	S	43 mg/g	(Xia et al., 2019)
CNF-GnP	Methylene blue, Congo red	1178.5. and 585.3 mg/g	(Yu et al., 2020)
PHO-CNF	U (VI)	1550.0 mg/g	(Lehtonen et al., 2020)
Hybrid material	Dye	Photocatalytic activity	References
CNTs-TiO2	Reactive Black 5	90%/15 min	(Hamid et al., 2014)
CNTs-TiO2-SiO2	Bisphenol A, carbamazepine	50%/30 min	(Czech and Buda, 2015)
CNFs-Fe3O4	Methylene blue, Rhodamine B (RhB)	95%/15 min	(Ren et al., 2012; Si et al., 2012)
CNFs-TiO2-ZnO	Methylene blue	40%/15 min	(Pant et al., 2013)
CNTs-PbBiO2Br	Ciprofloxacin	50%/30 min	(Wang B. et al., 2019)
CNTs-MoS2/SnS2	Cr (VI)	100%/90 min	(Dong et al., 2019)
CNTs-CoSnS	Rhodamine B	91.7%/80 min	(Jeyagopal et al., 2020)
CNFs-Cu	Chlortetracycline hydrochloride	68.2%/60 min	(Wang H. et al., 2019)