Table 4.

Examples of multi-enzyme immobilization systems based on DNA nanostructures.

Materials	Model enzymes	Applications	Types of multi-immobilization	References
DNA origami (hexagon-like strips)	GOx and HRP	Preparation of gluconic acid from glucose	Positional co-immobilization	Wilner et al., 2009
Rectangular DNA origami	GOx and HRP	Preparation of gluconic acid from glucose	Positional co-immobilization	Fu et al., 2012
DNA-inhibitor scaffold	Invertase, GOx and HRP	Preparation of O-dianisidine from sucrose and glucose	Positional co-immobilization	Liu et al., 2013
Rectangular DNA origami	GOx and HRP	Preparation of gluconic acid from glucose	Positional co-immobilization	Fu et al., 2013
DNA origami	G6pDH and MDH	Preparation of malic acid from oxaloacetic acid	Positional co-immobilization	Fu et al., 2014
DNA hybrid (polystyrene)	GOx and HRP	Preparation of gluconic acid from glucose	Positional co-immobilization	Jia et al., 2015
Rectangular DNA origami	Xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase	Preparation of xylulose from D-xylose	Positional co-immobilization	Ngo et al., 2016
Triangle DNA origami	GOx and Catalase	Preparation of gluconic acid from glucose	Compartmentalization	Sun et al., 2017
DNA hybrid (dopamine@ magnetic nanoparticles)	GOx and HRP	Preparation of gluconic acid from glucose	Random co-immobilization	Yang et al., 2017
DNA hybrid (Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles)	GOx and HRP	Detection of target DNA	Random co-immobilization	Song et al., 2018
DNA nanotweezer	GOx and HRP	Detection of glucose	Positional co-immobilization	Kou et al., 2018
Rectangular DNA origami	Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase	Preparation of 6-Phosphogluconic acid, lactate from glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvate	Positional co-immobilization	Chen Y. et al., 2018
Triangle DNA origami	Amylase, maltase and glucokinase	Preparation of glucose-6-phosphate from maltoheptaose	Positional co-immobilization	Klein et al., 2019
DNA Tetrahedron scaffold	GOx and HRP	Detection of glucose	Positional co-immobilization	Wang D. et al., 2019