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. 2020 Jun 30;17(2):313–330. doi: 10.14245/ns.2040336.168

Table 5.

Multivariate assessment of medical comorbidities & COVID-19 survey responses

Assessed survey responses Age
 Female sex
 Orthopaedics
 Neurosurgery
 Trauma
 Academic Practice
 Private practice
 Public/local practice
 Obese
 Hypertension
 Current tobacco use
 Respiratory illness
 Cardiac disease
 Diabetes
OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value
Reasons for COVID-19 testing
  Personally tested for COVID-19 0.99 0.74–1.33 0.962 2.56 1.04–6.29 0.041* 2.71 0.55–13.27 0.219 3.47 0.72–16.71 0.121 1.98 0.91–4.28 0.083 1.35 0.69–2.65 0.386 0.42 0.13–1.34 0.143 0.55 0.19–1.55 0.259 1.06 0.43–2.59 0.902 0.79 0.33–1.89 0.603 0.18 0.02–1.33 0.093 1.05 0.23–4.76 0.949 1.93 0.41–9.09 0.404 0.85 0.19–3.79 0.834
Direct contact with COVID-19 positive patient 1.03 0.70–1.51 0.873 0.82 0.20–3.34 0.782 0.21 0.02–2.43 0.210 0.30 0.03–3.51 0.340 1.76 0.51–6.14 0.374 1.11 0.41–3.03 0.835 1.64 0.41–6.59 0.488 1.89 0.53–6.74 0.324 0.50 0.13–1.98 0.325 0.59 0.18–1.88 0.370 0.14 0.02–1.20 0.073 0.75 0.06–10.04 0.825 2.04 0.33–12.61 0.441 1.03 0.17–6.23 0.971
Prophylactic 3.05 1.22–7.63 0.017* 1.00 1.00–1.00 - 108.44 0.85–13,777.31 0.058 126.17 0.92–17289.75 0.054 18.97 2.39–150.68 0.005* 0.92 0.17–4.99 0.919 0.07 0.00–6.09 0.247 0.07 0.00–1.51 0.090 3.79 0.49–29.12 0.200 0.18 0.01–2.27 0.183 9.90 1.10–89.14 0.041* 1.00 1.00–1.00 - 0.54 .01–42.62 0.780 1.26 0.09–18.54 0.866
Demonstrated symptoms 0.82 0.56–1.18 0.280 1.46 0.40–5.28 0.564 2.00 0.23–17.69 0.532 1.38 0.16–12.01 0.770 0.32 0.08–1.17 0.085 0.82 0.32–2.08 0.670 0.93 0.24–3.59 0.918 0.72 0.21–2.45 0.604 1.21 0.33–4.37 0.772 1.42 0.48–4.22 0.526 1.73 0.44–6.86 0.433 3.46 0.25–46.99 0.352 0.47 0.07–3.03 0.428 0.35 0.06–2.14 0.258
Ask to be tested 0.70 0.29–1.69 0.430 3.53 0.28–44.17 0.328 - - - - - - 1.00 1.00–1.00 - 1.49 0.14–15.86 0.741 1.00 1.00–1.00 - 6.48 0.41–102.85 0.185 2.36 0.17–32.46 0.522 7.55 0.99–57.45 0.051 1.75 0.13–22.97 0.672 1.00 1.00–1.00 - 1.00 1.00–1.00 - 3.58 0.38–34.15 0.267
Current stressors
Personal health 1.10 0.95–1.28 0.199 0.72 0.39–1.35 0.307 0.59 0.26–1.32 0.196 0.69 0.30–1.57 0.379 1.11 0.70–1.77 0.657 0.97 0.68–1.38 0.855 0.73 0.47–1.16 0.185 1.26 0.79–2.03 0.335 1.33 0.86–2.07 0.199 1.50 1.01–2.23 0.046* 0.81 0.48–1.37 0.428 1.55 0.72–3.34 0.264 2.49 0.98–6.30 0.055 0.81 0.41–1.59 0.531
Family health 1.16 0.94–1.43 0.168 0.29 0.15–0.56 < 0.001* 1.23 0.43–3.50 0.699 1.45 0.50–4.25 0.494 1.24 0.65–2.35 0.513 1.12 0.69–1.81 0.644 1.23 0.65–2.33 0.521 1.00 0.53–1.86 0.988 1.24 0.65–2.38 0.515 0.95 0.55–1.67 0.869 0.52 0.28–0.97 0.039* 1.69 0.48–5.96 0.412 1.15 0.32–4.12 0.834 0.79 0.33–1.93 0.609
Community health 0.96 0.83–1.12 0.627 1.14 0.63–2.06 0.675 2.31 1.00–5.34 0.050 2.12 0.91–4.97 0.082 1.77 1.11–2.81 0.017* 0.71 0.50–1.01 0.058 0.91 0.58–1.42 0.665 0.67 0.42–1.08 0.102 0.65 0.42–1.03 0.066 0.89 0.60–1.33 0.578 1.41 0.84–2.37 0.189 0.48 0.20–1.11 0.087 1.94 0.81–4.67 0.139 1.89 0.97–3.71 0.063
Hospital capacity 0.97 0.83–1.12 0.662 1.15 0.63–2.11 0.644 1.08 0.48–2.44 0.852 1.18 0.52–2.69 0.700 1.63 1.02–2.59 0.041* 1.42 1.00–2.03 0.053 0.61 0.38–0.99 0.044* 2.28 1.42–3.68 0.001* 1.28 0.82–2.00 0.284 1.39 0.92–2.08 0.114 0.75 0.44–1.29 0.298 0.97 0.43–2.15 0.932 0.71 0.28–1.79 0.470 0.51 0.24–1.06 0.071
Timeline to resume clinical practice 0.94 0.81–1.08 0.371 1.45 0.80–2.62 0.217 1.06 0.48–2.32 0.887 0.96 0.43–2.14 0.928 0.95 0.60–1.51 0.837 0.94 0.66–1.33 0.716 1.12 0.72–1.74 0.622 0.70 0.43–1.12 0.133 0.89 0.57–1.38 0.591 0.77 0.52–1.15 0.209 0.95 0.56–1.59 0.838 0.56 0.25–1.26 0.158 1.20 0.50–2.85 0.685 0.77 0.38–1.52 0.447
Government/leadership 0.94 0.78–1.13 0.507 2.05 1.08–3.91 0.028* 2.19 0.76–6.29 0.145 1.79 0.62–5.15 0.278 0.98 0.55–1.74 0.945 1.57 0.97–2.54 0.068 1.48 0.82–2.68 0.198 1.47 0.79–2.72 0.226 1.14 0.66–1.97 0.647 0.85 0.50–1.46 0.565 0.85 0.50–1.46 0.565 1.16 0.45–2.96 0.758 1.81 0.67–4.88 0.241 0.84 0.34–2.12 0.716
Return to nonessential activities 1.01 0.82–1.25 0.923 1.33 0.61–2.89 0.470 1.35 0.46–3.99 0.586 1.13 0.38–3.39 0.829 1.77 0.99–3.17 0.052 1.66 0.96–2.86 0.067 1.70 0.88–3.29 0.117 1.29 0.63–2.64 0.493 0.75 0.38–1.48 0.407 1.32 0.76–2.30 0.324 1.32 0.76–2.30 0.324 1.04 0.35–3.09 0.945 0.89 0.25–3.18 0.858 0.66 0.22–1.94 0.448
Economic issues 0.85 0.73–0.99 0.032* 0.70 0.38–1.30 0.262 1.78 0.77 ,4.07 0.175 1.70 0.73–3.93 0.216 0.95 0.59–1.51 0.823 0.55 0.38–0.78 0.001* 1.26 0.80–1.98 0.314 0.51 0.31–0.82 0.006* 0.81 0.52–1.27 0.359 0.87 0.58–1.312 0.514 0.87 0.58–1.31 0.514 2.97 1.27–6.96 0.012* 1.86 0.77–4.50 0.170 0.61 0.30–1.26 0.184
Clinical practice
Quarantine 1.03 0.86–1.23 0.735 2.07 1.08–3.95 0.028* 1.35 0.52–3.52 0.542 2.28 0.87–5.98 0.094 0.80 0.44–1.47 0.472 0.66 0.44–1.00 0.049* 0.91 0.55–1.52 0.731 0.54 0.30–0.97 0.038* 0.83 0.48–1.41 0.483 1.29 0.82–2.04 0.277 1.29 0.82–2.04 0.277 1.88 0.84–4.24 0.127 0.42 0.11–1.56 0.196 1.56 0.74–3.27 0.240
Still performing elective surgery 1.13 0.93–1.37 0.218 0.44 0.15–1.27 0.128 1.23 0.40 ,3.83 0.718 0.78 0.25–2.45 0.665 0.32 0.14–0.72 0.006* 2.18 1.33–3.55 0.002* 0.82 0.40–1.66 0.575 1.56 0.80–3.04 0.191 1.17 0.65–2.09 0.604 1.24 0.76–2.02 0.396 1.24 0.76–2.02 0.396 0.16 0.02–1.22 0.077 0.92 0.29–2.91 0.887 1.26 0.57–2.77 0.569
Essential/emergency spine surgery 0.91 0.73–1.14 0.407 0.52 0.24–1.14 0.103 1.44 0.45–4.63 0.536 2.22 0.66–7.44 0.196 0.77 0.40–1.49 0.446 2.35 1.33–4.15 0.003* 0.79 0.43–1.45 0.446 0.82 0.43–1.57 0.556 0.61 0.33–1.12 0.113 0.88 0.48–1.59 0.663 0.88 0.48–1.59 0.663 0.69 0.25–1.93 0.477 0.97 0.30–3.18 0.962 1.90 0.55–6.58 0.310
Advise against 1.01 0.85–1.19 0.940 0.79 0.42–1.51 0.475 0.74 0.29–1.87 0.524 0.52 0.21–1.33 0.174 1.57 0.90–2.74 0.113 0.82 0.55–1.21 0.323 1.73 0.99–3.03 0.054 0.64 0.39–1.08 0.094 1.15 0.69–1.92 0.598 0.89 0.58–1.38 0.605 0.89 0.58–1.38 0.605 1.90 0.70–5.12 0.205 0.60 0.24–1.53 0.288 1.20 0.56–2.58 0.642
Proceed with standard precautions 1.11 0.91–1.35 0.265 0.26 0.08–0.87 0.067 1.15 0.41 ,3.26 0.583 1.46 0.51–4.18 0.287 1.66 0.94–2.93 0.244 0.95 0.60–1.51 0.936 0.65 0.34–1.27 0.114 1.40 0.77–2.53 0.234 0.92 0.50–1.69 0.795 1.07 0.64–1.81 0.604 1.07 0.64–1.81 0.604 0.85 0.29–2.55 0.543 0.19 0.03–1.49 0.133 0.53 0.18–1.56 0.176
Absent during intubation/extubation 0.84 0.72–0.98 0.076 0.73 0.39–1.36 0.805 0.80 0.33–1.89 0.966 0.84 0.35–2.04 0.974 1.03 0.64–1.66 0.618 1.27 0.88–1.84 0.135 1.04 0.65–1.68 0.825 1.22 0.74–2.00 0.191 1.11 0.70–1.77 0.751 0.76 0.50–1.16 0.307 0.76 0.50–1.16 0.307 1.00 0.45–2.22 0.980 0.42 0.14–1.29 0.268 0.96 0.47–1.97 0.974
Additional PPE during surgery 0.91 0.78–1.06 0.214 1.51 0.81–2.84 0.198 1.55 0.67–3.63 0.307 2.00 0.84–4.72 0.115 0.86 0.54–1.37 0.525 1.20 0.84–1.71 0.319 0.72 0.45–1.13 0.155 1.27 0.78–2.06 0.336 0.94 0.60–1.48 0.786 0.85 0.57–1.27 0.420 0.85 0.57–1.27 0.420 0.87 0.40–1.87 0.720 1.66 0.67–4.13 0.273 1.76 0.87–3.55 0.114
% Telecommunication clinical visits/wk 0.94 0.81–1.08 0.380 1.69 0.95–3.01 0.077 0.68 0.32–1.46 0.328 0.85 0.40–1.84 0.689 0.99 0.64–1.54 0.972 1.78 1.27–2.49 0.001* 1.08 0.70–1.67 0.732 0.71 0.44–1.14 0.153 0.97 0.63–1.49 0.874 0.88 0.61–1.27 0.489 0.88 0.61–1.27 0.489 0.89 0.42–1.91 0.768 1.67 0.76–3.66 0.200 0.67 0.36–1.26 0.218
Perceived impact in 1 year
No change 1.08 0.88–1.33 0.449 0.69 0.29–1.64 0.403 0.98 0.33–2.89 0.974 1.15 0.38–3.42 0.806 0.98 0.51–1.86 0.943 1.53 0.90–2.60 0.117 1.41 0.73–2.73 0.309 2.67 1.42–5.03 0.002* 0.84 0.44–1.60 0.591 0.93 0.54–1.61 0.808 0.93 0.54–1.61 0.808 1.57 0.60–4.07 0.358 1.24 0.43–3.58 0.695 1.13 0.47–2.71 0.789
Heighted awareness of hygiene 0.89 0.76–1.04 0.292 1.23 0.65–2.33 0.427 1.58 0.68–3.69 0.790 1.59 0.67–3.76 0.984 1.05 0.64–1.72 0.964 0.77 0.52–1.12 0.149 0.65 0.40–1.06 0.207 0.43 0.26–0.72 0.001* 1.20 0.74–1.96 0.604 0.81 0.53–1.23 0.676 0.81 0.53–1.23 0.676 0.76 0.34–1.71 0.273 1.14 0.47–2.78 0.713 1.30 0.64–2.64 0.946
Increase use of PPE 0.92 0.79–1.08 0.318 0.98 0.53–1.83 0.950 0.84 0.36–1.93 0.678 1.23 0.53–2.87 0.625 1.06 0.65–1.72 0.828 0.68 0.47–0.99 0.042* 0.49 0.30–0.79 0.004* 0.61 0.37–1.00 0.051 1.51 0.94–2.44 0.089 1.14 0.75–1.74 0.527 1.14 0.75–1.74 0.835 0.86 0.38–1.97 0.727 1.58 0.65–3.85 0.315 1.05 0.52–2.10 0.893
Ask patients to reschedule if sick 1.17 0.99–1.37 0.026* 1.00 0.53–1.89 0.938 0.85 0.37–1.97 0.883 0.97 0.42–2.28 0.938 1.28 0.78–2.09 0.240 0.99 0.68–1.45 0.932 0.99 0.61–1.61 0.912 1.07 0.65–1.77 0.816 1.53 0.95–2.46 0.111 0.87 0.57–1.34 0.442 0.87 0.57–1.34 0.442 1.01 0.44–2.30 0.931 1.14 0.47–2.77 0.909 0.81 0.40–1.67 0.491
Increase nonoperative measures prior to surgery 0.98 0.80–1.20 0.994 1.45 0.70–3.02 0.291 0.74 0.28–1.94 0.709 1.01 0.38–2.70 0.822 1.27 0.71–2.30 0.381 0.83 0.53–1.31 0.490 0.55 0.29–1.04 0.071 0.88 0.48–1.60 0.622 1.00 0.56–1.80 0.976 1.59 0.97–2.61 0.085 1.59 0.97–2.61 0.085 0.71 0.23–2.18 0.516 1.48 0.54–4.08 0.529 1.35 0.61–2.97 0.467
Increase digital options for communication 1.14 0.97–1.34 0.112 1.34 0.72–2.49 0.352 1.07 0.46–2.52 0.871 1.36 0.57–3.22 0.491 1.14 0.70–1.87 0.591 1.08 0.74–1.57 0.685 0.67 0.41 ,1.09 0.107 0.80 0.49–1.33 0.393 1.39 0.86–2.25 0.180 0.58 0.38–0.90 0.015* 0.58 0.38–0.90 0.015* 0.97 0.42–2.25 0.949 0.42 0.15–1.20 0.105 1.57 0.78–3.16 0.210
Other perceptions
Media perceptions 1.02 0.89–1.17 0.810 0.59 0.33–1.05 0.071 0.57 0.28–1.19 0.133 0.75 0.36–1.58 0.455 1.30 0.84–2.01 0.244 1.17 0.84–1.63 0.353 1.23 0.81–1.87 0.340 1.17 0.75–1.83 0.492 1.28 0.84–1.96 0.248 1.20 0.83–1.73 0.345 1.20 0.83–1.73 0.345 1.44 0.69–2.98 0.329 1.10 0.48–2.54 0.815 0.66 0.35–1.25 0.204
Perception of hospital effectiveness 1.51 1.29–1.77 < 0.001* 0.61 0.34–1.10 0.103 1.47 0.62–3.46 0.381 1.17 0.49–2.80 0.724 1.28 0.78–2.09 0.335 1.98 1.38–2.85 < 0.001* 2.01 1.25–3.23 0.004* 1.00 0.62–1.60 0.994 0.72 0.46–1.14 0.162 0.72 0.48–1.08 0.108 0.72 0.48–1.08 0.108 1.23 0.57–2.67 0.601 0.46 0.19–1.10 0.083 1.05 0.53–2.09 0.883
Perception of government effectiveness 1.19 1.02–1.38 0.024* 0.61 0.34–1.08 0.088 0.87 0.41 ,1.88 0.728 0.80 0.37–1.74 0.570 1.17 0.73–1.87 0.511 1.13 0.79–1.61 0.496 1.12 0.71–1.78 0.626 0.85 0.53–1.36 0.498 0.99 0.63–1.55 0.961 0.67 0.45–0.99 0.047* 0.67 0.45–0.99 0.047* 1.59 0.71–3.57 0.259 0.76 0.31–1.85 0.550 1.08 0.56–2.07 0.828
Warning patients if the surgeon is COVID-19 positive 1.46 1.22–1.74 < 0.001* 0.82 0.43–1.59 0.564 1.34 0.52–3.44 0.548 1.76 0.67–4.65 0.255 1.10 0.65–1.87 0.709 0.57 0.37–0.88 0.010* 0.87 0.49–1.54 0.633 0.55 0.32–0.96 0.037* 0.88 0.52–1.49 0.629 0.58 0.37–0.91 0.017* 0.58 0.37–0.91 0.017* 5.23 1.20–22.83 0.028* 0.96 0.33–2.79 0.940 0.50 0.25–0.99 0.048*

COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PPE, personal protective equipment.

All multivariate models were assessed using the same set of independent factors and included baseline demographics, practice-specific variables, and medical comorbidities. Renal disease and cancer were excluded from assessment due to low study prevalence.

Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess survey responses with simple binary outcomes where ordinal logistic regression was implemented for questions with ordinal scales.

*

p < 0.05, statistical significance.