Figure 1. Current classification of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and subtypes with evidence for sexually dimorphic features.

PH classification from 6^th World Symposium (Nice, 2018) according to Simonneau et al. (351). In addition to the data presented here, one study in a large cohort of veterans with all types of PH (predominantly Group 2 and 3 PH; n = 15,464 patients) demonstrated that women with PH exhibit higher pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pulse pressure, yet lower RAP as well as 18% greater survival compared to men with PH. *These analyses predominantly included patients with idiopathic PAH and also patients with heritable PAH and drug- and toxin-associated PAH (no subgroup analyses performed). ^#Attenuated hypoxia-induced PH in women not consistently found across studies. BMPR2, gene encoding bone morphogenic protein receptor 2; CYP1B1, gene encoding cytochrome P450 1B1; CYP19A1, gene encoding aromatase; ESR1, gene encoding estrogen receptor α; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HT, hormone therapy; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; PCH, pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis; PVOD, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; RV, right ventricle; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; SSc, systemic sclerosis.