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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jul 7.
Published in final edited form as: Compr Physiol. 2019 Dec 18;10(1):125–170. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c190011

Figure 4. Overview of major biological effects of the most abundant sex hormones (A) and their net effects in animal studies as well as reported associations with PAH risk and outcomes in human studies (B).

Figure 4

Note that effects of specific sex hormones on outcomes in human studies may be limited to men or pre- or postmenopausal women only. Human studies measured DHEA-S (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate). *Data based on study only. #Inconsistent associations across studies. DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone; PA, pulmonary artery; PAEC, pulmonary artery endothelial cell; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension (human studies); PASMCs, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells; PH, pulmonary hypertension; RV, right ventricle.