Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to second-line therapy in addition to metformin
| DPP-4 inhibitors | GLP-1 receptor agonists | SGLT-2 inhibitors | Sulfonylurea | Insulin | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 15,426 (33%) | 13,148 (28%) | 2343 (5%) | 8917 (19%) | 7152 (15%) | |
| Male | 9160 (59%) | 7403 (56%)b | 1398 (60%) | 5473 (61%) | 4480 (63%)b | |
| Age | 62.4 (± 11.9) | 58.0 (± 11.2) | 60.2 (± 11.3) | 59.6 (± 12.0) | 61.2 (± 13.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Years in metformin monotherapy | 5.1 (± 4.0) | 6.5 (± 4.5) | 7.2 (± 5.1) | 3.0 (± 3.0) | 4.7 (± 4.4) | < 0.0001 |
| Follow-up (years) | 1.8 (± 0.4) | 1.9 (± 0.3) | 1.4 (± 0.6) | 1.8 (± 0.4) | 1.7 (± 0.5) | < 0.0001 |
| Cardiovascular riska | ||||||
| Moderate | 11,370 (74%) | 8423 (64%)b | 1489 (64%)b | 7401 (83%)b | 5007 (70%)b | |
| High | 1461 (9%) | 2157 (16%)b | 563 (24%)b | 233 (3%)b | 758 (11%) | |
| Very high | 2595 (17%) | 2568 (20%)b | 291 (12%)b | 1283 (14%)b | 1387 (19%)b | |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 945 (6%) | 920 (7%) | 113 (5%) | 568 (6%) | 652 (9%)b | |
| Hypertension | 6145 (40%) | 6523 (50%)b | 841 (36%)b | 3162 (35%)b | 3160 (44%)b | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1409 (9%) | 1106 (8%) | 121(5%)b | 757 (8%) | 741 (10%) | |
| Cancer | 2125 (14%) | 1630 (12%)b | 232 (10%)b | 1133 (13%) | 1373 (19%)b | |
| Thyroid disease | 356 (2%) | 386 (3%) | 57 (2%) | 183 (2%) | 194 (3%) | |
| Renal disease | 1245 (8%) | 1390 (11%)b | 109 (5%)b | 477 (5%)b | 772 (11%)b | |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1993 (13%) | 2089 (16%)b | 249 (11%)b | 1013 (11%)b | 1008 (14%) | |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 378 (2%) | 384 (3%) | 37 (2%) | 175 (2%) | 290 (4%) | |
| Pharmacotherapy | ||||||
| Statin | 10,902 (71%) | 11,758 (89%)b | 1477 (63%)b | 6139 (69%) | 4648 (65%)b | |
| ACE-I/ARB | 9630 (62%) | 9120 (69%)b | 1277 (55%)b | 5458 (61%) | 4284 (60%)b | |
| Spironolactone | 933 (6%) | 1201 (9%)b | 90 (4%)b | 546 (6%) | 628 (9%)b | |
| Thiazide | 3096 (20%) | 3173 (24%)b | 304 (13%)b | 1797 (20%) | 1484 (21%) | |
| Calcium channel blockers | 5354 (35%) | 5389 (41%)b | 622 (27%)b | 2973 (33%) | 2460 (34%) | |
| Beta blockers | 4276 (28%) | 4076 (31%)b | 503 (21%)b | 2332 (26%) | 1961 (27%) | |
| Clopidogrel | 1048 (7%) | 988 (8%) | 101 (4%)b | 521 (6%) | 531 (7%) | |
| Digoxin | 567 (4%) | 370 (3%)b | 30 (1%)b | 317 (4%) | 335 (5%) | |
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 5472 (35%) | 5942 (45%)b | 645 (28%)b | 2844 (32%) | 2623 (37%)b | |
| Furosemide | 2739 (18%) | 3162 (24%)b | 259 (11%)b | 1458 (16%) | 1728 (24%)b | |
Data is n(%) or mean (SD)
ACE-I Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, GLP-1 RA glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists, SGLT-2 sodium–glucose transporter 2 inhibitor, DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor
acardiovascular risk was assed according to EASD/ESC guidelines within the limitation of the registries. DPP-4 is used as reference for all comparisons
bMarks values which are significantly different from DPP-4 inhibitors