Figure 1.

Preparation of FN-containing biofilm. (A) Crystal violet staining assay of single or multi-species biofilm. Triplicate wells are presented. (B) OD₅₅₀ measurement of bacterial elution from wells shown in Panel A. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation from three repeats. Differences were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test. *P<0.05 or **P<0.01. (C) Gram-staining of biofilm scraped from the wells. (D) Scanning electron microscopy of dual species biofilms formed by FN and AN. Scale bar, 10 µm. FN, Fusobacterium nucleatum; SM, Streptococcus mitis; AN, Actinomyces naeslundii.