Table 2.
Characteristics of the 24 included studies.
| (years) | Species (Sex, n = experimental/control group) | Weight | Model (method) | The Criteria for modeling successfully | Anesthetic | Treatment group (Method to astragal sides) | Control group | Outcome index (time) | Intergroup differences |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gui et al., 2012 | SD rats (male, 8/8) |
180–200 g | By intraperitoneal injection of STZ (65 mg/kg) | Rats with a blood glucose level over 300 mg/dl in 3 different times after 72 h of STZ injection | Pentobarbital sodium | By oral gavage of AS-IV (10 mg/kg, qd) in 2 weeks before STZ injection and lasted 14 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of CMC in 2 weeks before STZ injection and lasted 14 weeks | 1. Renal pathology 2. BUN and SCr 3. HbA1c 4. BG 5. ALT 6. SOD and MDA 7. CAT 8. Caspase-3 9. Bax and Bcl-2 |
1. P < 0.05 2. P > 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.05 7. P < 0.05 8. P < 0.05 9. P < 0.05 |
| Chen et al., 2014 | SD rats (male, 8/8) |
180–200 g | By intraperitoneal injection of STZ (65 mg/kg) | Rats with a blood glucose level over 300 mg/dl in 3 different times after 72 h of STZ injection | Pentobarbital sodium | By oral gavage of AS-IV (10 mg/kg, qd) in 2 weeks before STZ injection and lasted 14 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of CMC in 2 weeks before STZ injection and lasted 14 weeks | 1. Renal pathology 2. 24-h urinary protein 3. BUN and SCr 4. BG 5. ALT and AST 6. Integrin α3, β1 subunits and ILK |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.05 |
| Lu et al., 2015 | SD rats (male, 14/14) |
180–220 g | By intraperitoneal injection of STZ (125 mg/kg, qd) for 2 consecutive days | Rats with a blood glucose level over 16.7 mmol/L in 3 different times after 72 h of STZ injection | NM | By oral gavage of AS-IV (40 mg/kg, qd) after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of NS after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | 1. Renal pathology 2. 24-h urinary microalbumin 3. BG 4. integrin α4 and β1 subunits and ILK |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 |
| Wang et al., 2015 | SD rats (male, 14/14) |
180–200 g | By intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50 mg/kg, qd) for 5 consecutive days | Rats with a blood glucose level over 300 mg/dl in 3 different times after 72 h of STZ injection | Pentobarbital sodium | By oral gavage of AS-IV (10 mg/kg, qd) in 2 weeks after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of NS in 2 weeks after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | 1. Renal pathology 2. 24-h urinary protein 3. BUN and SCr 4. Kidney/body weight ratio 5. BG 6. Total and phosphorylated PERK, eIF2a, and JNK 7. GRP78 and ORP150 |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.05 7. P < 0.05 |
| Chen and Chen, 2016 | SD rats (male, 10/10) |
180–200 g | By intraperitoneal injection of STZ (40 mg/kg) | Rats with a blood glucose level over 16.6 mmol/L in 3 different times after 72 h of STZ injection | Chloral hydrate (35 mg/kg) | By oral gavage of AS-IV (1 mmol/L, 5 ml, qd) after STZ injection and lasted 30 days | By oral gavage of an equal volume of NS in after STZ injection and 30 days | 1. Renal pathology 2. 24-h urinary protein 3. UCr 4. BG |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 |
| Guo et al., 2016 | db/db mice (male, 10/10) | NM | BKS.cg-m +/+ Leprdb/J mice (Spontaneous diabetes ) | NM | NM | By oral gavage of AS-IV (18 mg/kg, qd) at 8 weeks of age and lasted 8 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of CMC at 8 weeks of age and lasted 8 weeks | 1. Renal pathology 2. BUN and SCr 3. Kidney/body weight ratio 4. HbA1c 5. BG 6. HOMA-IR 7. TNF-α 8. MCP-1 9. Serum insulin 10. SERCA |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.05 7. P < 0.05 8. P < 0.05 9. P < 0.05 10. P < 0.05 |
| Huang et al., 2016 | Wistar rats (male, 10/10) | 170–230 g | By intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg) | Rats with a blood glucose level over 16.7 mmol/L and 24-h urinary protein level over 30mg/kg/d after 72 h of STZ injection | Urethane (100mg/kg) | By oral gavage of AS-IV (3 mg/kg, qd) after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of citrate buffer after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | 1. 24-h urinary protein 2. BUN and SCr 3. BG 4. SOD, MDA, and GSH-Px 5. TGF-β1 mRNA 6. CAT mRNA |
1.P<0.05 2.P<0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.05 |
| Li and Zhang, 2016 | SD rats (male, 10/10) |
NM | By intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg) | Rats with a blood glucose level over 13.9 mg/kg after 1 week of STZ injection | Pentobarbital sodium | By oral gavage of AS-IV (1.08 g/kg, qd) after STZ injection and lasted 6 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of NS after STZ injection and lasted 6 weeks | 1. Renal pathology 2. 24-h urinary microalbumin 3. Kidney/body weight ratio 4. BG 5. TGF-β1 6. Collagen I, II, III 7. α-SMA 8. TβRI, TβRII 9. Smad 2/3 and Smad 4 |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.05 7. P < 0.05 8. P < 0.05 9. P < 0.05 |
| Ran and Ma, 2016 | SD rats (male, 10/10) |
240–260 g | By intraperitoneal injection of STZ (65 mg/kg) | Rats with a blood glucose level over 16.7 mmol/L after 72 h of STZ injection | NM | By oral gavage of AS-IV (5 mg/kg, qd) after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of distilled water after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | 1. Histological structure of kidney under transmission electron microscopy 2. 24-h urinary protein 3. 24-h urinary microalbumin 4. BG 5. Adiponectin |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 |
| Sun et al., 2016 | db/db mice (male, 8/8) | NM | BKS.Cg-Dock7m +/+Leprdb/JNju) mice (Spontaneous diabetes ) | NM | NM | By oral gavage of AS-IV (1 g/kg, qd) at 8 weeks of age and lasted 12 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of NS at 8 weeks of age and lasted 12 weeks | 1. Renal pathology 2. 24-h urinary protein 3. 24-h urinary NAG and NGAL 4.HbA1c 5.Serum insulin 6.ALT and AST 7.Urinary TGF-β1 8.p-Akt 9.β-actin 10.p-mTOR 11. p-NF-κB 12. p-ERK1/2 13. BG |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.05 7. P < 0.05 8. P < 0.05 9. P < 0.05 10. P < 0.05 11 .P < 0.05 12. P < 0.05 13. P < 0.05 |
| Guo et al., 2017 | C57BL/6J mice (male, 12/12) | NM | By intraperitoneal injection of STZ (100 mg/kg, qd) for 2 consecutive days | Mice with a blood glucose level over 350 mg/dl after 1 week of STZ injection | NM | By oral gavage of AS-IV (12 mg/kg, qd) after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of NS after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | 1. Renal pathology 2. BUN and SCr 3. GRP78 4. TF6 5. p-ERK1/2 6. p-eIF2α and p-IRE1α 7. CHOP 8. TRAF2 9. p-JNK 10. Caspase-12 11. SERCA |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.05 7. P < 0.05 8. P < 0.05 9. P < 0.05 10. P < 0.05 11. P < 0.05 |
| Liu et al., 2017 | db/db mice (male, 6/6) | NM | C57BL/KSJ mice (Spontaneous diabetes) | NM | Pentobarbital sodium (75 mg/kg) | By oral gavage of AS-IV (1 g/kg, qd) at 8 weeks of age and lasted 12 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of NS at 8 weeks of age and lasted 12 weeks | 1. Renal pathology 2. 24-h urinary protein 3. 24-h urinary NAG 4. Drp-1, Fis-1, and MFF 5. Mfn-1, Mfn-2,and OPA-1 6. PINK1, Parkin, p-Parkin (Ser 65), and LC-3II |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.05 |
| Wang et al., 2017 | KKAy mice (male, 10/10) | 22–24 g | By feeding with high-fat diet for 14 consecutive weeks before experiment and lasted 14 weeks | Mice with a blood glucose level over 13.9 mmol/L after 14 weeks of high-fat diet | Aether | By oral gavage of AS-IV (40 mg/kg, qd) after 14 weeks of high-fat diet and lasted 10 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of NS after 14 weeks of high-fat diet and lasted 10 weeks | 1. Renal pathology 2. BG 3. α-SMA 4. TGF-β1 5. Smad2/3 |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 |
| Du et al., 2018 | Wistar rats (male, 8/8) | 180–220 g | By intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg) | Rats with a blood glucose level over 13.8 mg/kg after 72 h of STZ injection | NM | By oral gavage of AS-IV (16 mg/kg, qd) after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of NS after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | 1. BUN and SCr 2. UCr 3. β2-MG 4. MDA, CAT and GSH-Px 5. T-AOC |
1. P< 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 |
| Han et al., 2018 | C57BL/6J (male, 6/6) | NM | By intraperitoneal injection of STZ (200 mg/kg) | Mice with a blood glucose level over 16.7 mmol/L | NM | By oral of feed supplemented with AS-IV (AS-IV:feed = 5g:1kg) and lasted 8 weeks | By oral of an equal quality of standard feed and lasted 8 weeks | 1.Histological structure of kidney under transmission electron microscopy 2. Renal pathology 3. 24-h urinary protein 4. 24-h urinary NAG and NGAL 5. Kidney/body weight ratio 6. p-Akt 7. p-mTOR |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.05 7. P < 0.05 |
| He et al., 2018 | SD rats (male, 10/10) |
180–220 g | By intraperitoneal injection of STZ (65 mg/kg) | Rats with a blood glucose level over 16.7 mmol/L after 72 h of STZ injection | NM | By oral gavage of AS-IV (10 mg/kg, qd) after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of CMC after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | 1. Renal pathology 2. 24-h urinary protein 3. p-130Cas |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 |
| Li, 2018 | SD rats (male, 11/10) |
180–220 g | By intraperitoneal injection of STZ (55 mg/kg) | Rats with a blood glucose level over 16.7 mmol/L after 72 h of STZ injection | Chloral hydrate (35 mg/kg) | By oral gavage of AS-IV (80 mg/kg, qd) after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of CMC after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | 1. Renal pathology 2. 24-h urinary microalbumin 3. Kidney/body weight ratio 4. BUN and SCr 5. BG 6. MDA, SOD, and GSH-Px 7. Nrf2, NQO1, and HO1 8. TGF-β1 |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.05 7. P < 0.05 8. P < 0.05 |
| Lei et al., 2018a | SD rats (male, 6/6) |
200g | By intraperitoneal injection of STZ (65 mg/kg) | Rats with a blood glucose level over 300 mg/dl after 48 h of STZ injection | NM | By oral gavage of AS-IV (5 mg/kg, qd) after STZ injection and lasted 12 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of citrate buffer after STZ injection and lasted 12 weeks | 1. 24-h urinary protein 2. TUG1 level 3. The TRAF5 mRNA and protein level |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 |
| Lei et al., 2018b | SD rats (male, 6/6) |
200–220 g | By intraperitoneal injection of STZ (65 mg/kg) | Rats with a blood glucose level over 300 mg/dl after 48 h of STZ injection | Pentobarbital sodium | By oral gavage of AS-IV (5 mg/kg, qd) after STZ injection and lasted 12 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of citrate buffer after STZ injection and lasted 12 weeks | 1. BUN and SCr 2. TRAF5 3. miR-378 |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 |
| Fan et al., 2019 | SD rats (male, 6/6) |
180-200 g | By intraperitoneal injection of STZ (65 mg/kg) | Rats with a blood glucose level over 300 mg/dl after 48 h of STZ injection | pentobarbital sodium | By oral gavage of AS-IV (10 mg/kg, qd) after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of CMC after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | 1. Renal pathology 2. HbA1c 3. BUN and SCr 4. Nitric oxide 5. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase 6. Body weight 7. BG 8. 24-h urinary protein 9. Cell apoptosis rate |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.05 7. P < 0.05 8. P < 0.05 9. P < 0.05 |
| Ju et al., 2019 | SD rats (male, 8/8) |
180–220 g | By feeding with high-fat diet for 6 consecutive weeks before modeling+ by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (35 mg/kg) | Rats with a blood glucose level over 16.7 mmol/L after 72 h of STZ injection | Chloral hydrate | By oral gavage of AS-IV (80 mg/kg, qd) in 1 week after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of CMC in 1 week after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | 1. Renal pathology 2. 24-h urinary microalbumin 3. BUN and SCr 4. Kidney/body weight ratio 5. Ratio of urine total protein to UCr 6. CCr 7. BG 8. TG and TC 9. Bax, Bcl-2, and Bax/Bcl-2 10. Caspase-3 11. β-actin 12. GRP78 |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.05 7. P < 0.05 8. P < 0.05 9. P < 0.05 10. P < 0.05 11. P < 0.05 12. P < 0.05 |
| Liu et al., 2019 | SD rats (male, 10/10) |
180-200 g | By intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50 mg/kg) | Rats with a blood glucose level over 16.7 mmol/L after 72 h of STZ injection | NM | By oral gavage of AS-IV (60 mg/kg, qd) after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of distilled water after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | 1. BG 2. Urine protein 3. BUN and SCr 4. p-PI3K 5. p-Akt 6. NF-κB 7. Renal hypertrophy index |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.05 7. P < 0.05 |
| Ma et al., 2019 | SD rats (male, 13/10) |
180–220 g | By feeding with high-fat and high-suga diet for 6 consecutive weeks before modeling+ by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (35 mg/kg) | Rats with a blood glucose level over 16.7 mmol/L after 72 h of STZ injection | Chloral hydrate | By oral gavage of AS-IV (80 mg/kg, qd) after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of CMC after STZ injection and lasted 8 weeks | 1. Renal pathology 2. 24-h urinary microalbumin 3. 24-h urinary protein 4. BUN and SCr 5. Kidney/body weight ratio 6. BG 7. p-Fox O1/Fox O1 8. p-PI3K/PI3K 9. p-Akt/Akt |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P < 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.05 7. P < 0.05 8. P < 0.05 9. P < 0.05 |
| Song et al., 2020 | SD rats (male, 8/8) |
200–220 g | By intraperitoneal injection of STZ (58 mg/kg) | Rats with a blood glucose level over 16.7 mmol/L after 72 h of STZ injection | NM | By oral gavage of AS-IV (10 mg/kg, qd) after STZ injection and lasted 12 weeks | By oral gavage of an equal volume of distilled water after STZ injection and lasted 12 weeks | 1. Renal pathology 2. 24-h urinary protein 3. BUN and SCr 4. Kidney/body weight ratio 5. BG 6. Desmin |
1. P < 0.05 2. P < 0.05 3. P > 0.05 4. P < 0.05 5. P < 0.05 6. P < 0.05 |
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BG, blood glucose; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; β2-MG, β2-microglobulin; Cas, crk-associated substrate; CAT, catalase; CCr, creatinine clearance rate; CHOP, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein; CMC, carboxymethyl cellulos; COl-IV, type IV collagen; Cr, creatinine; Drp-1, dynamin-related protein 1; Fis-1, mitochondrial fission protein 1; Fox O1, forkhead box O1; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; GRP78, glucose-regulated protein 78; GSH-PX, glutathione peroxidase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL, high density lipoprotein; ILK, integrin-linked kinase; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; JNK, Jun N-terminal kinases; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LN, laminin; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1; MDA, malondialdehyde; MFF, mitochondrial fission factor; Mfn-1, rabbit antimitofusin 1; Mfn-2, rabbit antimitofusin 2; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NAG, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; NM, not mentioned; NQO1, nad(p)h quinnone dehydrogenase 1; Nrf2, nuclear factor E2 related-factor 2; NS, normal saline; OPA-1, mouse anti-optic atrophy 1; ORP150, 150 kDa oxygen-regulated protein; PERK, PKR-like eukaryotic initiation factor 2A kinase; p-PI3K, phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; PINK, PTEN-induced putative kinase; SCr, serum creatinine; SD rats, Sprague Dawley rats; SERCA, sarco endoplasmic reticulum calcium adenosine triphosphatase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; STZ, Streptozotocin; T-AOC, total anti-oxidative capacity; TC, Serum total cholesterol; TG, Triglyceride; TP, Total protein; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; TRAF2, TNF receptor associated factor 2; UCr, urinary creatinine.