Table 1.
Chemical composition of essential oils (EO) from Balkan region with antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity.
| No. | Plant species with essential oils (part used) | Main chemical constituents | C/W | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. |
Apiaceae Foeniculum vulgare Mill. – fennel (seeds) |
trans-anethole, 50.0–90.0%; limonene, 1.4–26.44%; γ-terpinene, 10.5%; α-pinene, 0.4–10.0%; 1,8-cineole, 1.0–6.0% | c | Miguel et al., 2010; Raal et al., 2012 |
| 2. | Cuminum cyminum L.—cumin (seeds) | cuminaldehyde, 19.25–27.02%; p-mentha-1,3-dien-7-al, 4.29–12.26%; γ-terpinene, 7.06–14.10%; p-cymene, 4.61–12.01% | c | Can Baser et al., 1992 |
| Asteraceae | ||||
| 3. | Tanacetum praeteritum (Horw.) Heywood (flowers) | α-thujone, 0–79.4%; camphor, 0.7–37.6%; 1,8-cineole, 4.3–19.5%; bornyl acetate, 0–10.0%; terpinen-4-ol, 1.0–9.3% | w | Özek, 2018 |
| Fabaceae | ||||
| 4. | Trigonella foenum-graecum L.—fenugreek (seeds) | neryl acetate, 17.32%; ß-pinene, 15.05%; β-caryophyllene, 14.63%; geranial, 4.81%; camphor, 16.32% | c | Hamden et al., 2011 |
| Lamiaceae | ||||
| 5. | Lavandula stoechas L.—Spanish lavender (aerial part) | pulegone, 0–40.4%; α-pinene, 1.0–23.18%; camphor, 0–22.4%; menthol, 0–18.1%; menthone, 0–12.6%; lavandulyl acetate, 0–3.0% | c | Kirmizibekmez et al., 2009 |
| 6. | Melissa officinalis L.—lemon balm (leaves) | geranial, 0–65.42%; citronellal, 0.7–39.6%; neral, 3.28–31.5%; caryophyllene oxide, 0.2–10.26%; eugenol, 0.05–0.5% | w | Fahima et al., 2014 |
| 7. | Mentha × piperita L.—peppermint (aerial part) | menthol, 31.52%; menthone, 18.35%; carvone, 13.03%; isomenthol acetate, 7.63%; p-menthan-3-one, 6.21% | c | Abdellatief et al., 2017 |
| 8. | Rosmarinus officinalis L.—rosemary (aerial part) | α-pinene, 7.9–38.1%; verbenone, 15–37%; camphor, 1–22.35%; bornyl acetate, 0.9–12% | w | Satyal et al., 2017 |
| 9. | Salvia sclarea L.—clary sage (leaves) | germacrene D, 0.6–10.60%; geranyl acetate, 3.45–5.8%; neryl acetate, 1.8–3.0%; caryophyllene oxide, 0.50–2.2% | w | Souleles and Argyriadou, 1997 |
| 10. | Thymus vulgaris L.—common thyme (aerial part) | thymol, 30–48.2%; p-cymene, 2.2–42.8%; γ-terpinene, 0.3–30.90%; linalool, 1.3–12.4%; terpinen-4-ol, 0.3–9.5%; carvacrol, 0.5–5.5% | w | Borugă et al., 2014 |
| Lauraceae | ||||
| 11. | Laurus nobilis L.—laurel, bay tree (leaves) | 1,8 cineole, 24.2–68.82%; α-terpinenyl acetate, 4.8–18.65%; methyl eugenol, 0.2–16.7%; linalool, 0.7–16.0%; sabinene, 2.1–12.2% | w | Taban et al., 2018 |
| Myrtaceae | ||||
| 12. | Myrtus communis L.—myrtle (leaves) | α-pinene, 8.1–56.7%; 1,8-cineole, 8–37%; myrtenyl acetate, 0.1–36%; limonene, 4.1–19%; linalool, 0.5–18.4% | w | Zomorodian et al., 2013 |
| 13. |
Pistaciaceae Pistacia lentiscus L. var. chia—mastic tree (mastic gum) |
α-pinene, 58.86–77.10%; myrcene, 0.23–12.27%; linalool, 0.45–3.71%; camphene, 0.75–1.04% | w | Papageorgiou et al., 1991 |
| Ranunculaceae | ||||
| 14. | Nigella sativa L.—black cumin (seeds) | p-cymene, 18.46–52.64%; thymoquinone, 0.14–29.7%; carvacrol, 0.87–11.5%; α-terpineol, 5.11–9.72% | c | Ghanavi et al., 2018 |
| Rutaceae | ||||
| 15. | Citrus x aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle—lime (leaves) | limonene, 57.84%; neral, 7.81%; linalool, 4.75%; isogeraniol, 3.48%; citronellal, 2.19% | c | Ibrahim et al., 2019 |
| 16. | Citrus x limon (L.) Osbeck—lemon (pericarps) | limonene, 53.07–80.0%; β-pinene, 9.53%; borneol, 5.57%; neral, 4.7%; sabinene, 4.18%; linalool, 3.70% | c | Oboh et al., 2017 |
C/W, cultivated/wild species.