Table 4.

Clinical studies with antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic essential oils.

Disease	Authors	Type of clinical study	Number of patients	Treatment	Results
Diabetes mellitus	Jafari et al., 2017	Randomized, control study	99 type 2 DM patients with suboptimal glycemic control	Cumin essential oil 50 and 100 mg/day for 8 weeks	Reduction of fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C)
Diabetes mellitus	Bilal et al., 2009	Randomized control study	41 type 2 DM patients	Black cumin essential oil 700 mg/day for 40 days	Reduction of fasting blood glucose
Diabetes mellitus	Jafari et al., 2017	Randomized control study	64 prediabetic patients	Cumin essential oil 75 mg/day for 10 weeks	No significant change in glycemic indices; significant improvement of lipid profile
Diabetes mellitus, Dyslipidemia	Keihan et al., 2016	Randomized control study	95 diabetic and dyslipidemic patients	Cumin essential oil 25 mg/day for 90 days	Reduction of fasting blood glucose, HbA1C, triglycerides and oxidized LDL
Dyslipidemia	Hadi et al., 2018	Meta-analysis	6 RCTs with 376 patients	Cumin essential oil	Significant reduction of total cholesterol and LDL
Metabolic syndrome	Morovati et al., 2019	Randomized control study	56 patients with metabolic syndrome	Cumin essential oil 75 mg t.i.d. for 8 weeks	Reduction of fasting blood glucose and total cholesterol