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Mode of actions and pharmacologic effects of levosimendan: The mechanisms of action in the blue boxes contribute to the cardiovascular effects of the drug. Dotted lines mark pathways that are still not fully elucidated. EC50, half maximal effective concentration; KATP, adenosine triphosphate–dependent potassium channels; PDE III, IV, phosphodiesterase isoforms in cardiac tissue. Adapted from: Al-Chalabi et al216 Used with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health.
