Table 1.

A Summary of Medications Used for Management of COVID-19 Patients

Drugs	Pharmacologic Category	Mechanism of Action	Dosage Regimen in COVID-19	References
Lopinavir/Ritonavir	Antiretroviral agent	Lopinavir is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor; ritonavir increases the half-life of lopinavir via inhibiting cytochrome P450	400 mg/100 mg twice daily for 7–14 days	39,40
Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine	Antimalarial (aminoquinoline)	Chloroquine inhibits quinine reductase, an essential enzyme for biosynthesis of sialic acid, which is necessary for virus fusion with host cell	Chloroquine: 400 mg daily for 10–14 days Hydroxychloroquine: 500 mg twice daily for 10 days or 200 mg 3 times daily for 10 days	30,31,121
Umifenovir	Antiviral agent	Hemagglutinin inhibitor, which inhibits virus membrane fusion with host cell	200 mg every 12 hours for 10 days	65,66
Ribavirin	Antiviral agent	Inhibits protein synthesis via blocking IMPDH during replication of virus	1200–2000 mg daily divided into twice daily for 5 days	52,54,55
Remdesivir	Antiviral agent	Interferes with RNA polymerase	200 mg IV stat and then 100 mg daily for 9 days	58,64
Interferon	Interferons	Increases phagocyte activity of macrophages and augments cytotoxicity of lymphocytes for viral cells	5 million units twice daily via atomic nebulization or SQ administration	70,75,76
Tocilizumab	Antirheumatic/IL-6 receptor antagonist	Antagonist of intracellular IL-6 receptor	400 mg IV infusion stat	84

Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IMPDH, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase; IV, intravenous; IL, interleukin.