Table 5.
Study measures, items factor loadings and model fit indices for measurement models.
| Study Measure | Survey items | Model A | Model B |
|---|---|---|---|
| Instantaneous Sharing of News for Creating Awareness (INS)# | I try to create awareness by sharing news online | 0.85 | 0.94 |
| I want to educate my online friends by sharing news content online | 0.84 | 0.78 | |
| Active Corrective Actions on Fake News (AC) | I advise the sender of fake news to stop sharing it | 0.67 | 0.59 |
| I try to make people aware of fake news | 0.78 | 0.71 | |
| I advise the sender of fake news to always crosscheck its authenticity before sharing | 0.83 | 0.81 | |
| I educate the sender of the fake news on ways to authenticate it | 0.79 | 0.75 | |
| I inform the sender who forwards me a fake message | 0.62 | 0.65 | |
| Passive Corrective Actions on Fake News (PC) | I report the account which constantly sends fake news to me | 0.82 | 0.89 |
| I block accounts that send me fake news | 0.96 | 0.90 | |
| Authenticating News Before Sharing (AN) | I rely on TV news channels to check the authenticity of any message before sharing it | 0.88 | 0.88 |
| I ask my friends to check the authenticity of any message before sharing it | 0.89 | 0.87 | |
| I ask my family/relatives to check the authenticity of any message before sharing it | 0.56 | 0.54 | |
| Sharing Fake News Due to Lack of Time (LT) | I often share fake news because I don't have time to check its authenticity | 0.89 | 0.79 |
| I share fake news because I don't have time to check facts through trusted sources | 0.85 | 0.96 | |
| Sharing Fake News Due to Religiosity (SR) | People share news that has religious appeal without even realising its fake | 0.76 | 0.65 |
| People share fake news about religion, believing it to be true | 0.80 | 0.84 | |
| People believe in the news about religion, even if its fake | 0.71 | 0.71 |
Note. #measures developed based on a qualitative study.