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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jul 7.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Cancer. 2019 Jun 6;146(1):76–84. doi: 10.1002/ijc.32415

Table 3. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for estimated total nut intake1 and PDAC risk in EPIC.

Total nut intake
Consumers
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
15 g/day increments Nonconsumers 0 g/day >0–0.7 g/day Median: 0.3 g/day >0.7–2.3 g/day Median: 1.0 g/day >2.3–5.7 g/day Median: 3.5 g/day >5.7 g/day Median: 11.8 g/day Trend test p -value2 LRT p -value3
Final model Final model
      N cases 1,283 400 223 303 196 161
      HR (95% CI)4 0.94 (0.84–1.07) 1.00 (ref) 0.92 (0.74–1.14) 0.92 (0.77–1.09) 0.99 (0.82–1.20) 0.89 (0.72–1.10) 0.70
Sensitivity analysis Cases diagnosed ≥2 years after recruitment
      N cases 1,195 374 208 284 181 148
      HR (95% CI) 0.95 (0.84–1.08) 1.00 (ref) 0.93 (0.74–1.17) 0.92 (0.77–1.10) 0.99 (0.81–1.20) 0.89 (0.72–1.10) 0.75
Microscopically confirmed cases
      N cases 910 229 140 242 125 104
      HR (95% CI) 0.95 (0.66–1.38) 1.00 (ref) 0.72 (0.46–1.13) 0.87 (0.65–1.15) 0.99 (0.71–1.37) 0.68 (0.44–1.04) 0.28
Mediterranean diet score
      N cases 1,283 400 223 303 196 161
      HR (95% CI)5 0.94 (0.84–1.07) 1.00 (ref) 0.92 (0.74–1.14) 0.92 (0.77–1.09) 0.99 (0.82–1.20) 0.89 (0.72–1.10) 0.70
Analyses of effect-measure modification Alcohol consumption
Light drinkers (>0.1–4.9 g/day)
      N cases 373 111 99 75 53 35
      HR (95% CI)6 0.72 (0.52–1.01) 1.00 (ref) 0.91 (0.62–1.32) 1.10 (0.79–1.54) 0.82 (0.57–1.19) 0.65 (0.42–0.99) 0.19 0.74
Heavy drinkers (>60 g/day)
      N cases 71 26 4 24 7 10
      HR (95% CI)6 0.79 (0.43–1.47) 1.00 (ref) 0.53 (0.14–1.99) 0.76 (0.40–1.46) 0.45 (0.17–1.19) 0.61 (0.25–1.52) 0.57
Diabetes
No
      N cases 1,075 316 195 260 159 145
      HR (95% CI)7 0.94 (0.82–1.07) 1.00 (ref) 0.82 (0.65–1.04) 0.85 (0.71–1.03) 0.91 (0.73–1.13) 0.89 (0.71–1.12) 0.38 0.77
Yes
      N cases 74 23 19 14 12 6
      HR (95% CI)7 0.93 (0.58–1.51) 1.00 (ref) 1.96 (0.83–4.62) 1.28 (0.57–2.86) 1.35 (0.60–3.07) 0.72 (0.26–1.99) 0.40
Body Mass Index
<25 kg/m2
      N cases 535 169 88 118 82 78
      HR (95% CI)8 0.98 (0.82–1.16) 1.00 (ref) 0.80 (0.56–1.14) 0.84 (0.65–1.10) 0.92 (0.69–1.24) 0.90 (0.66–1.22) 0.66
≥25 kg/m2 0.34
      N cases 748 231 135 185 114 83
      HR (95% CI)8 0.91 (0.77–1.09) 1.00 (ref) 0.98 (0.74–1.31) 0.97 (0.77–1.21) 1.03 (0.80–1.33) 0.87 (0.66–1.15) 0.81
Smoking Status
Never smokers
      N cases 465 142 90 99 73 61
      HR (95% CI)9 0.91 (0.73–1.14) 1.00 (ref) 0.91 (0.64–1.28) 0.97 (0.72–1.30) 0.99 (0.72–1.37) 0.94 (0.66–1.32) 0.98
Ever smokers10 0.88
      N cases 783 244 128 197 120 94
      HR (95% CI)9 0.89 (0.75–1.05) 1.00 (ref) 0.92 (0.68–1.23) 0.88 (0.71–1.09) 1.00 (0.78–1.27) 0.81 (0.62–1.06) 0.47
1

Total nut intake is the sum of the total intake of nuts and seeds.

2

All p -values for trend are based on the quintile medians.

3

All LRT p -values for effect measure modification are based on the continuous total nut intake variable.

4

Stratified by age at recruitment and center. Adjusted for gender, total energy intake (1,000 kcal/day), BMI (kg/m2), smoking status (never smokers, current pipe or cigar or occasional smokers, current cigarette smokers: 1–15, 16–25, or ≥26 cigarettes/day, former cigarette smokers who quit >20 years, 11–20 years or ≤10 years before recruitment), diabetes (no, yes, do not known, missing) and alcohol consumption (nondrinkers, drinkers of 0–6 g/day, >6–12 g/day, >12-24 g/day, >24–60 g/day, female drinkers with >60 g/day, male drinkers >60–96 g/day, male drinkers >96 g/day).

5

Final model further adjusted by the adapted relative Mediterranean diet score.

6

Stratified by age at recruitment and center. Adjusted for gender, total energy intake (1,000 kcal/day), BMI (kg/m2), smoking status (never smokers, current pipe or cigar or occasional smokers, current cigarette smokers: 1–15, 16–25 or ≥26 cigarettes/day, former cigarette smokers who quit >20 years, 11–20 years or ≤10 years before recruitment) and diabetes (no, yes, do not known, missing).

7

Stratified by age at recruitment and center. Adjusted for gender, total energy intake (1,000 kcal/day), BMI (kg/m2), smoking status (never smokers, current pipe or cigar or occasional smokers, current cigarette smokers: 1–15, 16–25 or ≥26 cigarettes/day, former cigarette smokers who quit >20 years, 11–20 years or ≤10 years before recruitment) and alcohol consumption (nondrinkers, drinkers of 0–6 g/day, >6–12 g/day, >12-24 g/day, >24–60 g/day, female drinkers with >60 g/day, male drinkers >60–96 g/day, male drinkers >96 g/day).

8

Stratified by age at recruitment and center. Adjusted for gender, total energy intake (1,000 kcal/day), smoking status (never smokers, current pipe or cigar or occasional smokers, current cigarette smokers: 1–15, 16–25 or ≥26 cigarettes/day, former cigarette smokers who quit >20 years, 11–20 years or ≤10 years before recruitment), diabetes (no, yes, do not known, missing) and alcohol consumption (nondrinkers, drinkers of 0–6 g/day, >6–12 g/day, >12-24 g/day, >24–60 g/day, female drinkers with >60 g/day, male drinkers >60–96 g/day, male drinkers >96 g/day).

9

Stratified by age at recruitment and center. Adjusted for gender, total energy intake (1,000 kcal/day), BMI (kg/m2), diabetes (no, yes, do not known, missing) and alcohol consumption (nondrinkers, drinkers of 0–6 g/day, >6–12 g/day, >12-24 g/day, >24–60 g/day, female drinkers with >60 g/day, male drinkers >60–96 g/day, male drinkers >96 g/day).

10

Ever smokers: former and current smokers.

Abbreviations: EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; HR, hazards ratio; LRT, likelihood ratio test; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.