Table 5:

Overview of relevant studies on saw palmetto and fenugreek in the treatment of ED

Saw Palmetto
Mechanism of Action (MOA): Increased NOS expression
Author	Study Type	Outcome Measure	Results
Yang et al. (2013)	In vitro rat and rabbit model	NOS expression	Saw palmetto increased PDE5 inhibitor properties in rat and rabbit tissues
Fenugreek
MOA: No clear mechanism of action
Aswar et al. (2010)	In vitro rat model	Histologic analysis	Fenugreek increased anabolic activity but had no effect on testosterone levels or testicular architecture
Steels et al. (2011)	RCT	DISF-SR scores	Men treated with oral fenugreek had increased libido compared to placebo
Park et al. (2018)	RCT	IIEF score	Fenugreek use resulted in significantly improved IIEF scores as compared to placebo