Table 1.
Example of BGCs containing a self-resistance-gene as a duplicate copy of the housekeeping gene (molecular target)
| natural products | organism | molecular target | biosynthetic core gene | SRE verifieda | FDA approvedb | SRE inspiredc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| inhibitors of DNA replication | ||||||
| novobiocin (1) | Streptomyces niveus | bacterial DNA gyrase | NRPS | V | Y | N |
| chlorobiocin (2) | Streptomyces roseochromogenes | bacterial DNA gyrase | NRPS | V | N | N |
| coumermycin A1 (3) | Streptomyces rishiriensis | bacterial DNA gyrase | NRPS | V | N | N |
| griselimycin (4) | Streptomyces sp. DSM-40835 | DnaN | NRPS | V | N | Y |
| inhibitors of protein biosynthesis | ||||||
| mupirocin (5) | Pseudomonas fluorescens | isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase | PKS | V | Y | N |
| thiomarinol A (6) | Pseudoalteromonas sp. SANK 73390 | isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase | PKS | V | N | N |
| cladosporin (7) | Cladosporium cladosporioides | lysyl-tRNA synthetase | NRPS | V | Y | N |
| borrelidin (8) | Streptomyces parvulus | threonyl-tRNA synthetase | PKS | V | N | N |
| albomycin δ2 (9) | Streptomyces sp. ATCC 700974 | seryl-tRNA synthetase | NRPS | V | N | N |
| indolmycin (10) | Streptomyces griseus | tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase | other | P | N | N |
| agrocin 84 (11) | Agrobacterium radiobacter | leucyl-tRNA synthetase | other | V | N | N |
| thiocillin (12) | Bacillus cereus | 50S ribosomal protein L11 | precursor peptide | P | N | N |
| rubradirin (13) | Streptomyces achromogenes | translation initiation factor | PKS | P | N | N |
| GE2270 (14) | Planobispora rosea | elongation factor Tu | precursor peptide | P | N | N |
| thiomuracin (15) | Thermobispora bispora | elongation factor Tu | P | N | N | |
| bengamide B (16) | Myxococcus virescens | methionine aminopeptidase, type I | NRPS | V | N | N |
| fumagillin (17) | Aspergillus fumigatus | methionine aminopeptidase, type II | PKS | P | N | N |
| inhibitors of protein degradation | ||||||
| salinosporamide A (18) | Salinispora tropica | proteasome subunit beta | PKS-NRPS hybrid | V | N | N |
| eponemycin (19) | Streptomyces hygroscopicus | proteasome subunit beta | NRPS | V | N | N |
| fellutamide B (20) | Aspergillus nidulans | proteasome component C5 | NRPS | V | N | Y |
| inhibitors of lipid metabolism | ||||||
| andrimid (21) | Pantoea agglomerans | acetyl-CoA carboxylase | NRPS | P | N | N |
| platensimycin (22) / platencin (23) | Streptomyces platensis | FabF | TS | V | N | N |
| kalimantacin (24) | Pseudomonas fluorescens | FabI | PKS | V | N | N |
| lovastatin (25) | Aspergillus terreus | 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase | PKS | V | Y | N |
| zaragozic acid (26) | Curvularia lunata | squalene synthase | PKS | P | N | N |
| thiolactomycin (27) | Salinispora pacifica | fatty acid synthase II | PKS | V | N | Y |
| thiotetroamide C (28) | Streptomyces afghaniensis | fatty acid synthase II | PKS | V | N | Y |
| inhibitors of carbohydrate and energy metabolism | ||||||
| pentalenolactone (29) | Streptomyces avermitilis | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase | TS | V | N | N |
| heptelidic acid (30) | Aspergillus oryzae | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase | TS | V | N | N |
| aurovertin E (31) | Metarhizium anisopliae | ATP synthase beta chain | PKS | P | N | N |
| citreoviridin (32) | Aspergillus terreus | ATP synthase beta chain | PKS | P | N | N |
| inhibitors of amino acid metabolism | ||||||
| phaseolotoxin (33) | Pseudomonas syringae | ornithine carbamoyltransferase | other | V | N | N |
| aspterric acid (34) | Aspergillus terreus | dihydroxy-acid dehydratase | TS | V | N | Y |
| inhibitors of nucleotide metabolism | ||||||
| mycophenolic acid (35) | Penicillium brevicompactum | inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase | PKS | V | Y | Y |
| inhibitors of xenobiotics biodegradation | ||||||
| cephamycin C (36) | Streptomyces clavuligerus | beta-lactamase | NRPS | P | N | N |
a
verified (V) or proposed (P).
b
approved (A) or not (N).
c
discovery is SRE inspired (Y) or not (N).