Table 2.
Effects of different types of exercise on hemostatic profile: current study and literature data
| Marker | Current study | Literature data | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise test | Race | Maximal exercise | Short (≤ 60 min) submaximal exercise | Long (> 60 min) submaximal exercise | |
| Platelet count | NA | 10.6% [1.1%; 20.9%] | 25 to 27% (Herren et al. 1992; Wang et al. 1994) | 26% (Cadroy et al. 2002) | 12% (Posthuma et al. 2014) |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time | − 12.4% [− 14.1%; − 10.6%] | − 15.5% [− 28.2%; − 0.5%] | − 6% (Menzel and Hilberg 2011; Handa et al. 1992) | − 5 to − 8% (Handa et al. 1992; Menzel and Hilberg 2011) | NA |
| Prothrombin time | − 2.1% [− 2.9%; − 1.3%] | 1.5% [− 1.2%; 4.2%] | − 1 to − 3% (Handa et al. 1992; Menzel and Hilberg 2011) | 2% (Handa et al. 1992; Menzel and Hilberg 2011) | NA |
| Fibrinogen | 7.0% [4.4%; 9.6%] | − 7.6% [− 15.5%; 1.2%] | 12% (Gunga et al. 2002) | NA | 2% (Rocker et al. 1986) |
| D-dimer | 43.0% [25.5%; 62.9%] | − 2.5% [− 24.3%; 25.6%] | NA | ~ 150% (Parker et al. 2012) | NA |
| Beta Thromboglobulin | 92.6% [63.8%; 126.3%] | 21.2% [16.9%; 135.1%] | 60 to 85% (Herren et al. 1992; Wang et al. 1994) | 21% (Cadroy et al. 2002) | NA |
| E-selectin | 7.1% [4.3%; 9.9%] | 4.7% [− 16.1%; 30.7%] | 4 to 10% (Li et al. 2007; Jilma et al. 1997) | − 4% (Jilma et al. 1997) | 16% (Nielsen and Lyberg 2004) |
| iCAM | 8.6% [6.5%; 10.9%] | 4.4% [-4.7%; 14.4%] | 11 to 24% (Jilma et al. 1997; Rehman et al. 1997) | − 4% (Jilma et al. 1997) | 5% (Nielsen and Lyberg 2004) |
| vCAM | 7.6% [5.7%; 9.4%] | 7.3% [− 2.3%; 17.9%] | 10% (Jilma et al. 1997) | 1% (Jilma et al. 1997) | 22% (Nielsen and Lyberg 2004) |
| Prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 | 88.0% [64.3%; 115.2%] | 9.8% [− 12.6%; 38.1%] | 17 to 19% (Rocker et al. 1996; Li et al. 2007) | NA | NA |
| Factor VIII | 128.7% [104.4%; 155.9%] | 181.1% [147.8%; 218.9%] | 63% (Menzel and Hilberg 2011) | 34 to 38% (Hegde et al. 2001; Menzel and Hilberg 2011) | NA |
| P-selectin | 12.2% [9.1%; 15.4%] | 34.1% [16.2%; 54.6%] | 21% (Li et al. 2007) | ~ 70% (Parker et al. 2012) | 44% (Nielsen and Lyberg 2004) |
| PF4 | 192.4% [137.2%; 260.6%] | 118.9% [57.2%; 205.0%] | 85% (Wang et al. 1994) | NA | 102% (Rocker et al. 1986) |
| Thrombin:Antithrombin | 504.6% [386.6%; 651.3%] | 159.7% [65.2%; 308.5%] | 32 to 108% (Rocker et al. 1996; Menzel and Hilberg 2011) | 16 to 43% (Cadroy et al. 2002; Menzel and Hilberg 2011) | NA |
| Thrombomodulin | 13.5% [9.8%; 17.4%] | 6.0% [− 20.6%; 41.5%] | NA | NA | NA |
| Von Willebrand Factor | 82.9% [64.1%; 103.8%] | 166.0% [125.1%; 214.2%] | NA | NA | NA |
Current study: Estimated percentage change due to exercise compared to rest in the placebo group [95% confidence interval of the effect size]. Literature data percentage change due to exercise compared to rest. Figures in bold depict a significant change. NA not available