Table 1.

Hypothetical mechanisms, described in the literature, which may explain the association between stroke, amyloid deposits, and early dementia

Mechanism hypothesis	References
Hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke induce Aβ deposits and CAA leading to dementia	Ellis et al. [10] Regan et al. [3] Gamaldo et al. [11] Pendlebury and Rothwell [124] Savva et al. [123] Cordonnier and van der Flier [9] Cerasuolo et al. [122]
Stroke induces Aβ accumulation within the cerebrovascular system by decreasing Aβ clearance	Garcia-Alloza et al. [121]
Stroke-induced hypoxia leads to an overexpression of APP	Rensink et al. [127] Ashok et al. [130]
Stroke-induced BBB breakdown allows blood Aβ infiltration within the brain parenchyma	Zlokovic et al. [60, 129] Yang and Rosenberg [128] Hawkes et al. [49] Ramanathan et al. [53]
Oxidated LRP-1 in AD or after stroke cannot interact properly with circulating Aβ	Donahue et al. [63] Ramanathan et al. [53] Ashok et al. [130] Liu et al. [82] Zlokovic et al. [60]
Post-stroke Aβ accumulation leads to inflammatory processes and neurodegeneration, typical in dementia	Zlokovic [131] Kinnecom et al. [132] Zlokovic et al. [60, 129]
Lack of Aβ-RAGE complexes after stroke leads to a pro-inflammatory cascade and Aβ accumulation, which can contribute to neurotoxicity	Deane et al. [61] Liu et al. [62]
Correlation between Aβ deposits and sleep disorder is a common risk factor for stroke and AD	Holth et al. [95] Ma et al. [96] Joa et al. [97]
CSF clearance and the glymphatic system are impaired with both stroke and AD, leading to accumulation of waste metabolites in the brain	Silverberg et al. [145] Weller et al. [16] Weller et al. [6] Kress et al. [14] Gaberel et al. [17] Peng et al. [15] Goulay et al. [18] Lundgaard et al. [90] Borwn et al. [19]
CAA and AD are associated with modifications in perivascular spaces, which can lead to flow disturbance, stroke, and Aβ accumulation	Mendelsohn and Larrick [92] Kress et al. [14] Hawkes et al. [49] Van Veluw et al. [100] Banerjee et al. [99] Charidimou et al. [118]