Table 2.

Pharmacological activity of Viscum species—in vivo studies

Pharmacological activity	Viscum species/Product	Part	Host tree	Extraction solvent	Compounds	Dose	Route of administration	Study duration	Experimental design	Results	References
Antihypertensive activity	Viscum album L	Fresh leaves	Citrus	Aqueous		150 mg/kg, daily	Orally	6 weeks	Normotensive, renal artery-occluded hypertensive and salt-induced hypertensive rats	Decrease in arterial blood pressure without alteration in heart rate, antihypertensive effect might involve sympathetic mechanism	Ofem et al. (2007)
	Viscum album L	Fresh steams		Ethanolic, ether and ethyl acetate		3.33 × 10−5, 1.00 × 10−4, 3.33 × 10−4, 1.00 × 10−3 mg/kg	Intraperitoneally		Atropine sulfate and hexocycline treated rats	Ethanolic extract exhibited activity even on the lowest dose, the ether and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited activity only by higher doses, antihypertensive effect might involve muscarinic receptors	Radenkovic et al. (2009)
	Viscum album L	Dried leaves	Pear (Pyrus communis auct. iber.)	Aqueous		250 mg/kg, daily	Orally by gavage	24 days	Isoproterenol-induced heart failure in rats	Improvement in all parameters of heart failure including left ventricular diameters, ejection fraction, serum NT-proBNP levels and histopathological changes; decrease in levels of NO, iNOS and hs-CRP	Karagöz et al. (2016)
	Viscum album L					0.6–2.8 g, daily	Orally	6 weeks	An open study in 120 patients with light to moderate hypertension (WHO grade I-II)	Decrease in systolic pressure (in rest and during physical exercise)	Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (2012)
	Viscum album L					5 drops of drug every 5 min up to 4 administrations	Sublingually		264 patients with diagnosis of hypertension	Time of arterial blood pressure reduction was less for the group of patients who received the natural treatment	Montero et al. (2016)
	Viscum album L. mother tincture			Ethanolic extract manufactured according to Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India		10 drops of drug in 30 ml of distilled water, three times a day	Orally	12 weeks	37 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients	Decrease in systolic and diastolic pressure, decrease in serum triglyceride	Poruthukaren et al. (2014)
	Viscum articulatum Burm. f	Dried herb	Cordia macleodii Hook.f. & Thomson	Methanolic		200 and 400 mg/kg, daily	Orally	4 weeks	L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats	Antihypertensive effect might be attributed to diuretic, nephroprotective and hypolipidemic actions, and might be due to the presence of triterpenoids	Bachhav et al. (2012)
	Viscum articulatum Burm. f	Cuticular wax			Oleanolic acid	60 mg/kg, daily	Intraperitoneally	15 days	Glucocorticoid (dexamethasone)-induced hypertensive rats	Decrease of the systolic blood pressure, which might be connected with its antioxidant and NO releasing action	Bachhav et al. (2011)
	Viscum articulatum Burm. f	Cuticular wax			Oleanolic acid	60 mg/kg, daily		4 weeks	L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats	Oleanolic acid did not affected NO level and its antihypertensive effect might be due to diuresis and nephroprotection	Bachhav et al. (2015)
Hematological parameters	Viscum album L	Fresh leaves	Citrus	Aqueous		150 mg/kg, daily	Orally	6 weeks	High salt-fed rats	Decrease in the red blood cells, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, total plasma protein levels and increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate	Ofem et al. (2009)
	Viscum album L	Dried leaves	Coffee (Coffee arabica), kola (Kola nitida) and cocoa (Theobromae cacao)	Aqueous		400, 800, 1600 and 3200 mg/kg, daily	Orally	14 days	Healthy rats	Mistletoe parasitizing on kola significantly, in dose dependent manner, decreased platelets count, mistletoe parasitizing cocoa and coffee reduced haemoglobin concentration, all the extracts reduced packed cell volume, red blood cell and increased white blood cells	Ladokun et al. (2015)
Antiglycemic, antilipidemic and insulinotropic effect	Viscum album L	Dried leaves		Ethanolic		250, 500, 750, 1000 mg/kg		10 h	Normalglycemic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats	Reduction in fasting blood glucose level	Nwaegerue et al. (2007)
	Viscum album L	Dried herb	Apricot (Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.), pine (Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold), fir (Abies bornmlleriana Mattf.)	Aqueous and ethanolic		500 mg/kg	Orally by gastric gavage	8 days	Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats	Antidiabetic effect of mistletoe depends on the host tree	Orhan et al. (2005)
	Viscum album L	Fresh leaves		Aqueous		100 mg/kg	Intravenously	3 h	Normalglycemic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats	No effect on glucose level in normal rats but decrease of the blood glucose level in the diabetic rats, increase of the insulin secretion in normal rats and in the diabetic group	Eno et al. (2008)
	Viscum album L	Dried herb	Kola acuminate	Methanolic		100 mg/kg, daily		3 weeks	Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats	Reduction in fasting blood glucose level, HbA1c, serum triglyceride, urea, lactate dehydrogenase, α-amylase and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, increase of high density lipoprotein cholesterol	Adaramoye et al. (2012)
	Viscum album L	Dried leaves		Ethanolic		100 mg/kg, daily	Orally by gavage	10 days	Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats	No significant difference in glucose level, reduction in oxidative stress	Turkkan et al. (2016)
	Viscum album L	Dried leaves	Citrus	Aqueous		150 mg/kg, daily	Orally with syringe and orogastric tube	3 weeks	Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats	Reduction in fasting blood glucose level	Nna et al. (2013)
	Viscum album L	Dried leaves	Oil been (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth.)	Aqueous		200 mg/kg	Intraperitoneally	4 h	Fasted normalglycemic rats	Decrease in blood glucose level	Ohiri et al. (2003)
						400 mg/kg			Alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits
	Viscum album L	Dried leaves	Oak	Aqueous		500 and 1000 mg/kg, daily	Orally by gavage	3 days	Alloxan-induced diabetic rats	Decrease in serum glucose concentration and increase in the serum insulin level	Shahaboddin et al. (2011)
	Viscum album L	Dried leaves	Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), african pear (Dacroydes edulis), guava (Psidium guajava L.) and pepper fruit (Dennettia tripetala Baker f.)	Aqueous		100 mg/kg, daily	Orally by gavage	14 days	Alloxan-induced diabetic rats	The strongest activity was exhibited by extracts of mistletoe growing on Citrus sinensis and Pisium guajava	Umoh et al. (2011)
	Viscum album L	Dried leaves		Ethanolic		2 mg/kg, 16 h	Intraperitoneally	54 h	Alloxan-induced diabetic rats	Decrease in fasting blood glucose level	Ibegbulem and Chikezie 2013)
	Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nakai	Dried herb	Oak (Quercus variabilis Blume)	Protein fraction		50—400 µg/ml	Intraperitoneally	10 days	Alloxan-induced diabetic mice	Decrease in the blood glucose level and volume of drinking water	Kim et al. (2014b)
	Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nakai	Dried herb	Oak	Aqueous and ethanolic	Betulin and oleanolic acid	Diet containing 0.2 or 0.6% of extract	Orally	8 weeks	Partial pancreatectomized rats	Ethanolic extract made β-cell mass greater by increasing β-cell proliferation and decreasing its apoptosis	Ko et al. (2016)
	Viscum schimperi Engl	Dried herb		Methanolic		500 mg/kg, daily	Orally by gavage	4 weeks	Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats	Reduction in the fasting blood glucose level; increase of the level of insulin, reduction of total cholesterol, trigliceryde and low density lipoprotein cholesterol and increase of high density lipoprotein cholesterol	Abdel-Sattar et al. (2011)
Hepatoprotective activity	Viscum album L	Leaves		Ethanolic		1 g/kg	Orally		Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxity in rats	Reduction of ALT, ALP levels, no influence on the levels of total bilirubin and total protein	Ogbonnanya et al. (2010)
	Viscum album L	Dried leaves	Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) and cola (Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl.)	Methanolic		1000–5000 mg/kg, daily	Orogastrically	7 days	Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxity in rats	No significant difference in AST, ALT and ALP for V. album growing on cocoa, significant increase in AST, ALT and ALP for V. album growing on cola at 4000 and 5000 mg/kg doses	Yusuf et al. (2015)
	Viscum album L	Dried leaves	Citrus	Aqueous		150 mg/kg, daily	Orally (syringe and or gastric tube)	6 weeks	High salt diet rats	Decrease in serum total bilirubin, serum conjugated bilirubin and serum unconjugated bilirubin	Ofem et al. (2014)
	Viscum album L	Dried leaves	Citrus	Aqueous		150 mg/kg, daily	Orally (syringe and or ogastric tube)	3 weeks	Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats	Decrease in serum total bilirubin, serum conjugated bilirubin and serum unconjugated bilirubin	Nna et al. (2014)
	Viscum Fraxini-2 (Viscum album L.)		Ash	Aqueous		0.1 and 0.2 ml/kg, once weekly	Subcutaneously	30 days	Carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxity in rats	Decrease in ALT, AST and ALP levels, restoration of the normal architecture of the liver tissue with minimal fibrosis	Abdel-Salam et al. (2010)
						0.2 ml/kg of mistletoe + 25 mg/kg of sylimarin, once weekly
	Iscador Qu (Viscum album L.)	Fresh herb	Oak (Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.)	Fermented, aqueous extract	380 ng/ml of lectins, 14 mg/ml of viscotoxines	Two 5 mg ampules, three times weekly	Subcutaneously	12 months	5 patients with chronic hepatitis C	6–20 fold reduction in viral load (HCV-RNA) and complete remission of elevated AST and ALT in two out of five patients, an increase of HCV RNA in one patient	Tusenius et al. (2001)
	Iscador Qu (Viscum album L.)	Fresh herb	Oak (Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.)	Aqueous	750 ng of lectins	10 mg, three times weekly	Subcutaneously	12 months	21 patients with chronic hepatitis C	Decrease in ALT and AST during the 12 months treatment and slight increase after treatment end	Tusenius et al. (2005)
	AbnobaViscum (Viscum album L.)	Fresh herb	Oak	Aqueous	1000 ng of lectins	0.15 mg, three times weekly
	AbnobaViscum Quercus (Viscum album L.)	Fresh herb	Oak	Aqueous	65–3610 ng of lectins (mean weekly dose)	Three times a week	Subcutaneously	9 months	25 patients with chronic hepatitis C and elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels	None of the patients had complete or partial normalization of ALT or HCV-RNA levels during treatment period, mean ALT did not change during the study	Huber et al. (2001)
	Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nakai	Dried steams and leaves		Aqueous	Alkaloid fraction	120 mg/kg, daily	Orally by gastric gavage	8 weeks	Carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats	Decrease of hepatic fibrosis; reduction in mRNA levels of TGF-β1, procollagen I and TIMPs; increase in TGF-β1, TGF-β1 receptor, phosphorylated Smad 2 and α-SMA proteins in liver tissues; increase in Smad 7 level	Jiang et al. (2014)
Antiepileptic activity	Viscum album L	Fresh leaves	Citrus	Aqueous		50 and 150 mg/kg	Orally		Maximum electro shock, isoniazid- and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice and rats	Reduction in various phases of epileptic seizures, increased latency to the first convulsion, increased convulsion onset and reduction in seizure duration	Gupta et al. (2012)
	Viscum album L	Dried herb	Maple (Acer platanoides L.)	Aqueous and aqueous-ethanolic		100 mg/kg	Intragastrically	2 days	Pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice	Effective against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures	Tsyvunin et al. (2016)
			Willow (Salix alba L.)	Ethanolic
	Viscum Mali e planta tota (Viscum album L.)		Apple tree			Initially given in strength D5, 10 granules BID, equivalent to a 1:100,000 dilution of the whole plant extract, later increased to D2, equivalent to a 1:100 dilution, 10 granules twice a day		12 weeks	4½-year-old girl suffering from childhood absence epilepsy	The dose increase of Viscum Mali, in addition to an existing combination with valproic acid and clobazam, may have played a key role in achieving seizure freedom for this child	von Schoen-Angerer et al. (2015)
	Viscum capense L. f	Dried stems		Methanolic		50 and 100 mg/kg	Intraperitoneally		Pentylenetetrazole-, bicuculline- and N-methyl-DL-aspartic acid- induced seizures in mice	Delayed the onset of pentylenetetrazole—and bicuculline-induced seizures and reduction in the number of convulsing animals; moderate effect against N-methyl-DL-aspartic acid-induced tonic seizures	Amabeoku et al. (1998)
	Viscum articulatum Burm. f	Dried herb		Methanolic		100 and 200 mg/kg, daily	Orally	7 days	Maximum electro shock- and pentylenetetrazole- induced seizures in rats	Reduction in duration of hind limb extensor phase and increase in the latency to convulsions	Geetha et al. (2010)
	Viscum articulatum Burm. f	Fresh herb		Chloroform and methanolic	Syringaresinol	150 and 300 mg/kg for extracts, 10 and 20 mg/kg for isolated compound	Orally	7 days	Picrotoxin- induced seizures in rats	Extracts and syringaresinol delayed the onset of tonic convulsions, increase in the brain GABA levels in rats treated with the methanolic extract	Geetha et al. (2018)
									N-methyl-d-aspartic acid—induced seizures in mice	Only the methanolic extract and syringaresinol antagonized the N-methyl-d-aspartic acid -induced turning behaviour
Sedative activity	Viscum album L	Fresh leaves	Citrus	Aqueous		50 and 150 mg/kg	Orally		Mice placed in actophotometer	Reduction in locomotor activity	Gupta et al. (2012)
	Viscum album L	Fresh leaves	Citrus	Aqueous		50 and 150 mg/kg	Orally		Pentobarbital- induced sleeping time in mice	Increase in duration of sleeping time	Gupta et al. (2012)
	Viscum album L	Dried herb		Methanolic and its ethyl acetate and 1-butanol fractions		200 and 400 mg/kg for extract, 25 and 50 mg/kg for fractions	Orally		Open field test on mice	Reduction in rearing and crossings	Kumar et al. (2016)
	Viscum orientale Willd	Dried leaves	Exoecaria agalloch	Methanolic		300 and 500 mg/kg	Orally		Open field test and hole cross test in mice	Reduction in spontaneous motor activities	Khatun et al. (2016)
Hypnotic activity	Viscum album L	Dried herb		Methanolic and its ethyl acetate and 1-butanol fractions		200 and 400 mg/kg for extract, 25 and 50 mg/kg for fractions	Orally		Thiopentone sodium induced-sleeping time assay in mice	Increase in the duration of sleep in mice	Kumar et al. (2016)
Antipsychotic activity	Viscum album L	Fresh leaves	Citrus	Aqueous		50 and 150 mg/kg	Orally		Apomorphine-induced stereotypy in mice and rats	Significantly reduction in the stereotyped behaviour	Gupta et al. (2012)
	Viscum album L	Fresh leaves	Citrus	Aqueous		50 and 150 mg/kg	Orally		Haloperidol-induced catalepsy in mice and rats (bar test)	Enhancement in cataleptic effect of haloperidol	Gupta et al. (2012)
Antianxiety activity	Viscum album L	Dried herb		Methanolic and its ethyl acetate and 1-butanol fractions		50 and 100 mg/kg for extract, 5 and 10 mg/kg for fractions	Orally		Elevated plus-maze test on mice (EPM model)	The number of entries and time spent in open arms in the elevated plus-maze test were significantly increased	Kumar et al. (2016)
Antistress activity	Viscum album L	Dried herb		Methanolic and its ethyl acetate and 1-butanol fractions		200 and 400 mg/kg for extract, 25 and 50 mg/kg for fractions	Orally		Cold swim test on mice	Reduction in time spent by mice in the immobile state	Kumar et al. (2016)
Antidepressant activity	Viscum album L	Dried herb		Methanolic and its ethyl acetate and 1-butanol fractions		200 and 400 mg/kg for extract, 25 and 50 mg/kg for fractions	Orally		Despair swim test on mice	Reduction in the duration of immobility in mice	Kumar et al. (2016)
Analgesic activity	Viscum album L	Dried herb		Methanolic and its ethyl acetate and 1-butanol fractions		200 and 400 mg/kg for extract, 25 and 50 mg/kg for fractions	Orally		Tail immersion test was conducted by recording tail withdrawal from heat (flicking response) in mice	Significant analgesic activity	Kumar et al. (2016)
	Viscum album L	Dried leaves and stems	Apricot (Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.)	Ethyl acetate	2′-Hydroxy-4′,6′-dimethoxy-chalcone-4-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and 5,7-dimethoxy-flavanone-4′-O-[β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside	125 and 250 mg/kg for extract and 30 mg/kg for isolated compounds	Orally		p-Benzoquinone-induced writhing test in mice and carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model in mice	Ethyl acetate fraction and isolated compounds exhibited antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity	Orhan et al. (2006)
	Viscum orientale Willd	Dried leaves	Exoecaria agalloch	Methanolic		300 and 500 mg/kg	Orally		Acetic acid-induced writhing model in mice and formalin-induced paw licking in mice	Writhing and paw licking inhibition	Khatun et al. (2016)
Alzheimer’s disease	Viscum album L	Dried leaves	Orange tree	Aqueous		100 mg/kg, daily	Orally	21 days	Aluminum chloride-induced Alzheimer’s disease in mice	Increase in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); reduction of aluminum chloride-induced memory impairment and oxidative damage	Ademola et al. (2016) and Ekpenyong et al. (2016)
	Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nacai	Dried herb		Methanolic		25 and 50 mg/kg, daily	Orally	7 days	Intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid β protein in mice	Protection from memory impairment induced by intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid β protein	Jang et al. (2015)
Mood	Eurixor (Viscum album L.)	Fresh herb		Aqueous	Lectin (ML-1)	1 ng/kg body weight, twice a week	Subcutaneously	12 weeks	Breast cancer patients (n = 36)	Increased levels of plasma beta-endorphin	Heiny and Beuth 1994)
	Eurixor (Viscum album L.)	Fresh herb		Aqueous	Lectin (ML-1)	0.5–1.0 ng /kg body weight, twice a week	Subcutaneously	24 weeks	Breast cancer patients (n = 47)	Increased levels of plasma beta-endorphin	Heiny et al. (1998)
Antiobesity activity	Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nacai	Dried herb	Oak	Aqueous		3 g/kg, daily	Orally	15 weeks	High-fat diet-induced obesity in mice	Reduction in body and epididymal fat pad weights	Jung et al. (2013)
	Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nacai	Dried herb	Oak	Aqueous and ethanolic	Betulin and oleanolic acid	Diet containing 0.2 or 0.6% of extract	Orally	8 weeks	Partial pancreatectomized rats	Reduction in epididymal fat mass by increasing fat oxidation	Ko et al. (2016)
Endurance capacity	Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nacai	Dried herb	Oak	Aqueous		3 g/kg, daily	Orally	15 weeks	Endurance test with treadmill in high-fat diet- induced obesity mice	Mistletoe treated mice run twice as far as high-fat diet mice	Jung et al. (2013)
	Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nacai	Dried herb	Oak	Aqueous		400 and 1000 mg/kg, daily		1 week	Endurance test with treadmill in mice	Mistletoe treated mice run 2.5-times longer than control mice, plasma lactate levels of exhausted mice were significantly lower	Jung et al. (2012)
						25—400 mg/kg, daily			Forced swim test in mice	The swimming time to exhaustion was prolonged by as much as 212%
	Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nacai	Leaves	Oak	Aqueous		500 mg/kg, daily	Orally	2 weeks	Endurance test with treadmill in mice	Decreases in level of plasma lactate dehydrogenase, increase in the plasma FFA level	Lee et al. (2014)
	Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nacai	Whole plant		Aqueous		diet Containing 0.3 and 1.5% of extract	Orally	4 weeks	Treadmill and swimming pool tests in mice	Increased swimming activity and elevated running times on the treadmill	Jeong et al. (2017)
Activity against muscle decline	Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nacai	Whole plant		Aqueous		200 and 500 mg/kg, twice a day	Orally by gavage	15 days	Denervated mice	Decrease in denervation, decrease in the expression of Atrogin-1, no effect on Murf1 expression	Jeong et al. (2017)
						Diet containing 0.3 and 1.5% of extract		4 weeks	Mice	Increased whole body weights, a higher weight of quadricepses, increased grip strengths, increased swimming activity and elevated running times on the treadmill, increased skeletal muscle area and diameter
	Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nacai	Whole plant		Aqueous		1 and 2 g/d	Orally	12 weeks	Randomized controlled trial with 67 patients aged 55–75	Significant differences were found in atrogin-1 mRNA, myogenin mRNA and insulin growth factor 1 receptor phosphorylation	Lim et al. (2017)
Nephroprotective activity	Helixor M (Viscum album L.)	Fresh herb	Apple tree (Malus domestica Borkh.)	Aqueous		5 mg/kg	Intraperitoneally	10 days	Methotrexate-induced acute oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity in rats	Improvement in the glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities, decrease in the NO and myeloperoxidase levels was not significant	Sakalli Çetin et al. (2017)
	Viscum articulatum Burm. f		Cordia macleodii Hook.f. & Thomson		Oleanolic acid	40, 60 and 80 mg/kg, daily	Orally	8 days	Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity	Decrease in serum and urine levels of creatinine, albumin and urea	Patil et al. (2010)
Diuretic activity	Viscum angulatum B.Heyne ex DC	Dried herb	Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Lam	Methanolic		100, 200 and 400 mg/kg	Orally	24 h	Rats	Dose-dependent increase in urine excretion volume, significant saluretic and natriuretic activity, the Cl(-)/Na( +) + K( +) ratio, which indicates carbonic anhydrase mediated activity remained unaffected	Jadhav et al. (2010b)
	Viscum articulatum Burm. f	Dried herb	Cordia macleodii Hook.f. & Thomson	Methanolic		100, 200 and 400 mg/kg	Orally	24 h	Rats	Dose-dependent increase in urine excretion volume, significant saluretic and natriuretic activity	(Jadhav et al. (2010a)
Wound healing	Viscum album L			Liphohilic extract		Ointment	Topical treatment		12 patients with 15 BCC lesions	Achievement of hemostasis in bleeding tumor wounds and after a prolonged treatment period a wound epithelialization with a thin epithelial layer	Kunz et al. (2011) and Kuonen et al. (2013)
	Viscum articulatum Burm. f	Whole plant		Ethanol		1% extract ointment			Incision, excision and dead space wound model in rats	Reduction in wound area, faster re-epithelization rate	Garg et al. (2012)
Antiulcer activity	Viscum articulatum Burm. f	Dried herb		Methanolic		200 and 400 mg/kg	orally		Ethanol-induced ulcer model and pylorus ligation ulcer model in rats	Inhibition of the gastric lesions	Naganjaneyulu et al. (2011)
Antibacterial activity	Viscum album L	Dried leaves	Cocoa	Methanolic		1000 mg/kg, daily		7 days	Rats with infections of Staphylococcus aureus + Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli + Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. aureus + P. aeruginosa and infection of E. coli	Heamatological and histopathological analyses showed therapeutic effects of the extract	Yusuf et al. (2013)