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| Indication and related patho-anatomy |
| Lumbar disc herniation |
| Location: paracentral or foraminal |
| Migration: no limitation |
| Level: from L2 to S1 level |
| Lumbar spinal stenosis without significant instability |
| Central canal stenosis: hypertrophic yellow ligament |
| Lateral recess stenosis: hypertrophic ligamentum flavum, hypertrophic facet joint, or synovial cyst |
| Foraminal stenosis: hypertrophic ligamentum flavum or facet joint |
