Table 3.
Sensitivity and subgroup analyses for the associations between left ventricular hypertrophy and lacunes or extensive white matter hyperintensities in general and high-risk population studies stratified by study type, exposure and outcome assessment methods, and specific population subsets
| Sensitivity and subgroup analyses | Lacunes |
WMHs |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LVH vs. no LVH | k* | Total no. | OR (95% CI) | Heterogeneity, I2, P | P for subgroup difference | k* | Total no. | OR (95% CI) | Heterogeneity, I2, P | P for subgroup difference | ||
| General population | ||||||||||||
| Overall analysis | 5 | 6,650 | 1.49 (1.12–2.00)† | 46%, 0.12 | 5 | 4,432 | 1.73 (1.38–2.17)† | 0%, 0.77 | ||||
| Study type | 0.12 | 0.77 | ||||||||||
| Cross-sectional | 4 | 5,029 | 1.40 (0.97–2.01) | 47%, 0.13 | 4 | 3,805 | 1.81 (1.41–2.32)† | 0%, 0.79 | ||||
| Cohort | 1 | 1,621 | 1.80 (1.25–2.59)† | NA | 1 | 627 | 1.37 (0.77–2.44) | - | ||||
| Exposure assessment | 0.12‡ | 0.77‡ | ||||||||||
| ECG | 3 | 4,320 | 1.59 (1.19–2.12)† | 0%, 0.53 | 2 | 2,473 | 1.87 (1.26–2.80)† | 0%, 0.33 | ||||
| Only ↑QRS voltage-based criteria | 2 | 2,280 | 1.57 (1.13–2.19) | 21%, 0.26 | 0.06§ | 1 | 659 | 1.67 (1.05–2.65)† | - | 0.73§ | ||
| TTE | 2 | 2,330 | 1.49 (0.76–2.91) | 82%, 0.02 | 3 | 1,959 | 1.67 (1.27–2.20)† | 0%, 0.73 | ||||
| LVMI ≥95 g/m2 (F), ≥115 g/m2 (M) | 2 | 2,330 | 1.49 (0.76–2.91) | 82%, 0.02 | 2 | 1,292 | 1.67 (1.23–2.28)† | 0%, 0.42 | ||||
| Outcome assessment | - | - | ||||||||||
| CT | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | ||||
| MRI | 4 | 5,029 | 1.40 (0.97–2.01) | 47%, 0.13 | 5 | 4,432 | 1.73 (1.38–2.17)† | 0%, 0.77 | ||||
| High-risk populations | ||||||||||||
| Overall analysis | 8 | 6,879 | 2.39 (1.32–4.32)† | 71%, 0.00 | 11 | 4,867 | 2.01 (1.45–2.80)† | 53%, 0.02 | ||||
| Study type | 0.00 | 0.02 | ||||||||||
| Cross-sectional | 6 | 1,480 | 3.20 (1.75–5.87)† | 61%, 0.02 | 10 | 4,222 | 1.74 (1.36–2.22)† | 12%, 0.34 | ||||
| Cohort | 2 | 5,399 | 0.97 (0.27–3.53) | 75%, 0.05 | 2 | 776 | 2.90 (0.42–19.84) | 92%, 0.00 | ||||
| Exposure assessment | 0.00‡ | 0.06‡ | ||||||||||
| ECG | 6 | 6,534 | 1.73 (0.85–3.55) | 71%, 0.00 | 4 | 1,420 | 2.41 (0.98–5.90) | 78%, 0.00 | ||||
| Only ↑QRS voltage-based criteria | 2 | 900 | 0.92 (0.27–3.16) | 68%, 0.08 | - | 2 | 776 | 2.90 (0.42–19.84) | 92%, 0.00 | 0.00§ | ||
| TTE | 3 | 940 | 3.33 (1.53–7.24)† | 54%, 0.11 | 6 | 778 | 2.31 (1.57–3.39)† | 0%, 0.91 | ||||
| LVMI ≥95 g/m2 (F), ≥115 g/m2 (M) | 0 | - | - | - | 2 | 347 | 1.84 (1.02–3.31)† | 0%, 0.51 | ||||
| Outcome assessment | 0.00 | 0.02 | ||||||||||
| CT | 2 | 844 | 1.97 (1.09–3.55)† | 0%, 0.37 | 1 | 610 | 1.54 (0.71–3.33) | NA | ||||
| MRI | 4 | 1,062 | 3.62 (1.00–13.14)† | 85%, 0.00 | 10 | 4,257 | 2.11 (1.47–3.04)† | 58%, 0.01 | ||||
| Specific high-risk population subsets | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||||||||||
| Hypertensive patients | 5 | 5,384 | 3.67 (1.97–6.86)† | 63%, 0.03 | 5 | 551 | 3.18 (1.70–5.97)† | 41%, 0.15 | ||||
| Stroke patients | 1 | 595 | 1.22 (0.37–4.09) | NA | 4 | 3,601 | 1.57 (1.17–2.11)† | 21%, 0.28 | ||||
LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; WMH, white matter hyperintensity; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ECG, electrocardiogram; TTE, transthoracic echocardiogram; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; F, female; M, male; CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NA, not applicable.
Numbers of studies in each category do not always add up to the total for a number of different reasons, e.g., article presents additional analyses, article does not fit in any group, etc.;
Results indicate statistical significance;
Subgroup comparison: “ECG” with “TTE”;
Subgroup comparison: “Only ↑QRS voltage-based criteria” (i.e., Sokolow-Lyon/Cornell/Minessota code 3–1) with “LVMI ≥95 g/m2 (female), ≥115 g/m2 (male)”.